Mumbai: Once seen as a symbol of peace, pigeons are now emerging as a major health hazard in Mumbai. Health experts have identified these birds as the primary cause of a sharp increase in lung diseases, particularly hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). Cases of this severe lung inflammation have surged fivefold over the past seven years, with medical experts linking this alarming trend to the city’s growing pigeon population.

At a clinic in northern Mumbai, health specialists regularly encounter patients suffering from HP. Reviewing an X-ray, they frequently ask their patients, “Are you often around pigeons? What environmental exposures have you had?” Such questions have become routine as more cases emerge.

The Link Between Pigeons and Lung Disease

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a serious inflammatory disorder of the lungs that, if left untreated, can lead to irreversible scarring. Chronic cases often require oxygen therapy or, in severe instances, lung transplants. While HP can have over 300 potential causes, exposure to pigeons is among the most common triggers in urban India. The fungi present in pigeon droppings pose a major health risk when inhaled over time.

Recent studies tracking newly diagnosed HP patients in India have confirmed that bird exposure, particularly to pigeons, is the leading cause of this debilitating condition. Other common sources include allergens from grains, feathers, and poorly maintained air conditioning units.

In response to this growing concern, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has initiated a registry to track HP cases and their causes. Experts stress the urgency of addressing this escalating health crisis.

Pigeon Feeding: A Cultural and Public Health Dilemma

Mumbai’s dense urban landscape, coupled with a deep-rooted tradition of feeding pigeons, has exacerbated the issue. Many residents believe feeding pigeons brings spiritual blessings, leading to the establishment of designated pigeon feeding areas, or kabutarkhanas, near temples and public spaces.

Health experts note that pigeon feeding is widespread, often occurring near homes and places of worship. As awareness grows, some patients are now seeking solutions, including repellents and deterrents to keep pigeons away. However, a large portion of the population remains unaware of the health risks associated with prolonged exposure to these birds.

Personal Stories Highlight the Severity of the Issue

For Namrata Trivedi, 57, the realization of pigeon-related health risks came too late. Having suffered from HP for over a decade, she recalls her struggle with persistent breathing difficulties and an undiagnosed condition. A CT scan finally revealed a dark layer covering her lungs, with health specialists initially giving her just three years to live.

Trivedi, who regularly fed pigeons and allowed them to nest near her home, was shocked by the diagnosis. “I had no idea pigeons could cause such a severe problem,” she said. Now, while she has managed to control her condition, she still experiences lung pain and takes precautions in crowded areas.

Similarly, Prakash Punjabi, 68, was diagnosed with chronic lung disease due to prolonged exposure to pigeon droppings. Forced to rely on oxygen therapy, he now wears a mask whenever he steps out. “Where I stay, there are many pigeons. We have grills and siding where pigeons gather all day,” he said, adding that he struggles to breathe even while walking on a treadmill at his rehabilitation center.

Challenges in Controlling the Pigeon Population

Despite the health risks, controlling pigeon feeding remains a challenge. Mumbai authorities have imposed a fine of ₹500 for feeding pigeons in non-designated areas, but enforcement is lax. The cultural and religious significance of feeding pigeons makes it difficult to implement strict regulations.

Health experts continue to emphasize a simple preventive measure: “Number one, don’t feed the pigeons.”

While the health risks are undeniable, experts stress the importance of balancing public health with compassion for wildlife. Responsible feeding practices and better urban planning can help mitigate the health hazards while ensuring humane treatment of birds.