Infertility, which is affecting an increasing proportion of society, remains a significant concern for couples worldwide. Recent research sheds light on the association between diet and male infertility, emphasising the need for proper dietary habits to ensure reproductive health. According to studies published in the Journal of Clinical Medicine, the role of diet in semen quality has been highlighted. With approximately 15% of reproductive-age couples experiencing difficulties in conception, and about half of the cases attributed to male infertility, understanding the impact of diet becomes crucial.
An extensive meta-analysis, incorporating 185 studies and over 40,000 men from developed countries, reveals an alarming decline in sperm quality over the period 1973–2011. The number of spermatozoa, a key determinant of semen quality, decreased by 50%–60%. These findings indicate a pressing need to examine factors that contribute to this decline and propose potential solutions.
Numerous studies have identified certain dietary factors that may negatively affect male fertility, some of which are mentioned below:
- Trans fatty acids
Trans fatty acids (TFAs), found in fast-food products, salty and sweet snacks, confectionery, and processed and red meat, have been associated with adverse effects on sperm morphology and metabolic pathways. - Meat
The consumption of meat, particularly processed meat, has been linked to reduced fertility due to factors such as high saturated fat content, trans-fatty acids and the presence of preservatives and hormone residues. - Smoking and Alcohol
Smoking, both cigarettes and cannabis, has consistently shown adverse effects on male fertility. Occasional alcohol consumption does not appear to negatively impact semen quality; however, daily alcohol intake can lead to a decrease in semen volume and sperm morphology. - Caffeine
Excessive caffeine intake has been suggested to impair male reproductive function, potentially affecting spermatozoa DNA. - Phytoestrogens
Phytoestrogens, estrogen-like compounds found in certain plant-based foods, have been associated with conflicting views regarding their impact on male reproductive health. Foods such as soybeans, tofu, tempeh, and linseed (flax) contain phytoestrogens, and their influence on fertility remains a subject of debate. While studies are inconclusive, it is advised to consume these foods in moderation.
To promote optimal semen quality and combat male infertility, a modification of lifestyle, particularly in terms of diet, is crucial. Incorporating a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, fish, seafood, nuts, seeds, whole-grain and fiber-rich products, poultry, and low-fat dairy products is recommended. These dietary choices have been associated with positive impacts on semen quality.