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‘Knowing What We Know’ Review: How Information Was Born

From ledgers marked on clay tablets to clouds of data, humans have labored to find ways to turn fleeting experience into transmissible knowledge.

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Detail of a portrait of Friar Pedro Machado (ca. 1628) by Francisco de Zurbarán. Photo: Bridgeman Images

Knowledge is power, Francis Bacon wrote in 1597, using a quill and the Elizabethans’ distinctive “secretary hand.” Thomas Hobbes, who started out as Bacon’s secretary, agreed: Scientia potentia est, Hobbes wrote in the 1668 edition of “Leviathan.” Generations of spymasters, dictators and tax inspectors concurred, and so, as the rubble of the Humanities confirms, did the French theorist Michel Foucault. Yet knowledge is no longer power.

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Knowing What We Know: The Transmission of Knowledge From Ancient Wisdom to Modern Magic

By Simon Winchester

Harper

432 pages

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Today digital information is power. The quantity of information debases its value: The printed newspaper is dematerializing before our eyes. The smartphone offers more than a different physical experience from its predecessors, the tablet, scroll, manuscript and printed book. It carries the entire history of information. Writing, Socrates warns in Plato’s “Phaedrus,” “will implant forgetfulness.” If we “cease to exercise memory,” we will be “calling things to remembrance no longer from within themselves, but by means of external marks.” When we outsource the storage of information, we outsource our knowledge of the world and ourselves.

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