Activists are seeking changes in laws for the legal recognition of same-sex marriages. At least 15 pleas have been filed in the court, setting the stage for a legal battle with Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government. The cases will be heard in the Supreme Court on Monday.

If the court recognises same-sex unions, it could mark a victory for LGBT+ rights activists in Asia as other countries in the region have decriminalised homosexuality but stopped just short of recognising same-sex marriages.

With a historic judgment in 2018, India’s Supreme Court scrapped colonial-era laws to decriminalise homosexuality but had not legalised same-sex unions.

The rationale given by the government in Sunday’s filing has been that there cannot be any “deviation” from widely accepted norms.

“Living together as partners and having sexual relationship by same-sex individuals...is not comparable with the Indian family unit concept of a husband, a wife and children,” the government said.

The filing invoked the “accepted view” that marriage took place only between a man and a woman in India and is a “holy union, a sacrament” and has “sanskar [values]”.

Any “deviation” from this widely accepted norm in “human relationships” can only happen through the legislature and the court cannot be asked “to change the entire legislative policy of the country deeply embedded in religious and societal norms”, it said.

The government’s response to the 2018 landmark verdict on Sunday’s filing was that it did not mean a default recognition of same-sex marriage as a fundamental legal right in the country.

The government said that the court had never accepted gay marriage as part of the fundamental right to life and dignity – but at the same time, the state does not hold other forms of unions to be “unlawful”.

It added that any interference with current marriage laws “would cause complete havoc with the delicate balance of personal laws in the country and in accepted societal values”.

Several Asian countries have been gradually moving towards the acceptance of same-sex unions, as seen in landmark judgments in Japan and Singapore.

Taiwan became the first Asian country to legalise gay marriage in 2019. Singapore last year repealed a colonial-era law to legalise homosexuality but took steps to bar same-sex marriages. Thailand recently approved laws to allow such unions.

Japan is the only country among the G7 nations that does not legally recognise same-sex unions, although the public broadly favours recognition.