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Scott Morrison warned that states will need to 'recalibrate' their Covid response to slow the spread of Omicron variant - but then hours later criticised government mandates for rules such as mask-wearing.

After coming out of lockdown in the spring, NSW, Victoria and the ACT have relaxed or removed many restrictions such as density requirements and mask mandates.

But since mobility has increased and the more transmissible Omicron variant emerged last month, infections have risen to reach a record 3,986 across the nation on Monday. 

Prime Minister Scott Morrison meets staff during a visit to Incitec manufacturing in Brisbane on Monday

As result, the Prime Minister said states will need to 'recalibrate' their responses to the pandemic. 

'We need to recalibrate some of the public health measures and social measures that are in place,' he told Seven News in an interview on Tuesday morning.

Mr Morrison will chair an emergency National Cabinet meeting to discuss the response with the state premiers on Wednesday at 12pm.

'I'm sure they'll say things about masks from time to time and they'll give instruction and advice and I think all of that's helpful,' he said, hinting that mask use will be more widespread. 

On Monday Chief Medical Officer Professor Paul Kelly wrote to the premiers urging them to implement 'minimal to moderate restrictions' to protect their hospitals from being overwhelmed. 

'Masks should be mandated in all indoor settings including retail, hospitality when not eating or drinking, and entertainment facilities,' he wrote in advice leaked to Nine Newspapers. 

Masks are compulsory for shopping in Victoria and Queensland but optional in NSW where Premier Dominic Perrottet wants to treat his citizens 'like adults'. 

Despite Professor Kelly's support for mandates, Mr Morrison told a press conference in Brisbane on Tuesday morning that he does not back mandates and instead only wants state governments to issue updated advice to wear masks.

'We are putting in place measures that Australians can live with. What that means is we have to move from a culture of mandates to a culture of responsibility. That's how we live with this virus into the future,' he said. 

'We have got to get past the heavy hand of government and we have got to treat Australians like adults and we all have our own responsibility in our communities and for our own health.' 

Shoppers wear masks as they pick up presents ahead of Christmas in Sydney's CBD 

Despite calling for a recalibration, the Prime Minister said premiers don't need to consider a full scale lockdown as seen in parts of Europe.

'None of us want to go back to lockdowns in the southern states. There's a big Amen from New South Wales, Victoria and the ACT on that.

'And Queensland doesn't want to go into it. And the way we avoid that is by ensuring that people practise responsible behaviours,' he said. 

Mr Morrison said Australia's high jab rate - with 93.9 per cent of over 16s double-dosed - allows the nation to enjoy Christmas without heavy restrictions.

'I think it's important that we keep our heads, that we reassure Australians that the high level of vaccination rates are preparing Australians well.

'I think we want to encourage Australians to enjoy their time together over the course of this break. 

'Of course we take Omicron seriously but we value the lifestyle and way of life we have in Australia and I want Australians to enjoy that as much as possible,' he said.  

It comes after health ministers in both New South Wales and Victoria issued a joint letter urging the Federal Government to fast-track the booster roll-out, allowing Australians to access the jab just four months after their second dose instead of five.

On Monday vaccine producer Moderna announced its booster dose can beat Omicron after a study found a third dose increased the level of neutralising antibodies by around 37 times compared to waning immunity from two doses.

But as cases continue to surge in the east - with 3,057 in NSW and 1,245 in Victoria on Tuesday - medical experts aren't celebrating just yet. 

Huge lines of cars are seen at a Covid-19 test at Bondi Beach in Sydney as thousands scramble to get tested before seeing family over Christmas

Massive queues pile up at at the Russell Street testing clinic in Melbourne on Monday (pictured) as Covid cases climb

The Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation is also considering required three jabs for someone to be considered fully vaccinated. 

There is still some uncertainty about whether Omicron is less severe than previous strains like Delta, but the variant is much more transmissible.

The Australian Health Protection Principal Committee warns even if Omicron is less severe the surge in cases could greatly 'strain health system capacity' as it has done in places like the UK, where a fourth round of lockdown-style measures is becoming an increasing possibility. 

On Monday Mr Morrison said the situation in Australia is different to Europe because it's summer and vaccination rates are extremely high.

'We will make our Australian way through this, we always have, the situation in the northern hemisphere is different to Australia,' he said in eastern Brisbane on Monday.

'They are not standing over there in the Netherlands in 34C, it's winter and people are more indoors, we know the virus does move differently in different seasons.'

The PM urged Aussies to get their booster shots if they had their second jab more than five months ago.  

'Anyone who is concerned and who is ready to have their booster shot, I would urge them to go and get it because that is the best defence against Omicron,' he said.

'That is the key advice we have received and if we do that, then we can keep our nerve, keep calm and carry on.'       

Meanwhile, Health Minister Greg Hunt has accused NSW and Victoria of hoarding more than one million vaccine doses, The Australian reported.

Under the agreement to roll out vaccinations, the Federal Government supplies the jabs to GPs and pharmacies while the states administer doses at vaccination hubs.

'While GPs and pharmacies have scaled up, we hope all states maintain and indeed expand their programs to support the booster program, which is running ahead of schedule,' a spokesman for Mr Hunt said, insisting there is ample supply for booster shots with five million doses ready and waiting at surgeries.

On the top of the agenda for the national cabinet meeting is whether Australians should only be considered fully vaccinated if they've had a third jab (pictured, a woman is seen receiving a vaccination at a Cohealth pop-up vaccination clinic at the State Library Victoria in Melbourne on Monday)

But a Victorian government official said state-run vaccine hubs are ­increasing capacity and already starting to ramp up boosters and need more.

'We're doing our part – ramping up capacity at state-run sites, keeping more sites open, opening sites up for walk-ups and creating more bookings,' a spokesperson said.

'We hope to work with the commonwealth to ensure Victorians have the maximum protection against this new variant.'

Although two vaccine doses vastly increases immunity against Covid, that protection begins to wane in as little as six months.

Given Omicron spreads much faster and is more than five times more likely to reinfect than Delta, there are significant fears the strain could be more resistant to vaccines.

NSW and Victoria are in favour of reclassifying only those who have received three jabs as 'fully vaccinated' but want the federal government to pony up more supply of the vaccine (pictured, a busy Sydney bar on December 17)

But lab results by Moderna on Monday revealed the mRNA vaccine used widely in Australia should offer high protection against Omicron. 

Moderna said this preliminary data, which is not yet peer reviewed, was 'reassuring', though it added that it will continue to develop a jab specific to the variant. 

The data showed that 50mcg of the Moderna vaccine increased neutralising antibody levels against Omicron approximately 37-fold compared to pre-boost levels, while a full dose increased it 83-fold.

'It's highly effective, and it's extremely safe. I think it will protect people through the coming holiday period and through these winter months [in the US], when we're going to see the most severe pressure of Omicron,' Moderna's chief medical officer Dr Paul Burton said after the results were released.

Healthcare workers administer COVID-19 tests at a drive-through testing clinic at Bondi Beach in Sydney on Friday (pictured) as state leaders prepare for a National Cabinet meeting

There are increasing fears for thousands of Australians about becoming infected, or even being designated as a close contact, leading up to Christmas.

An isolation period of at least two weeks if someone has the virus, or seven days if they are deemed a close contact - even if they test negative - could leave many isolating alone over the festive period.

Testing centres have also seen an influx of people preparing to travel interstate, with most states and territories demanding a negative PCR test within 72 hours of arriving.

Such restrictions are not in place between Victoria and New South Wales, due to similarly high case loads. 

Why is the new Omicron variant so scary?

 What is so concerning about the variant?

Experts say it is the 'worst variant they have ever seen' and are alarmed by the number of mutations it carries.

The variant — which the World Health Organization has named Omicron — has 32 mutations on the spike protein — the most ever recorded and twice as many as the currently dominant Delta strain. 

Experts fear the changes could make the vaccines 40 per cent less effective in a best-case scenario.

This is because so many of the changes on B.1.1.529 are on the virus's spike protein.

The current crop of vaccines trigger the body to recognise the version of the spike from older versions of the virus.

The Botswana variant has around 50 mutations and more than 30 of them are on the spike protein. The current crop of vaccines trigger the body to recognize the version of the spike protein from older versions of the virus. But the mutations may make the spike protein look so different that the body's immune system struggles to recognize it and fight it off. And three of the spike mutations (H665Y, N679K, P681H) help it enter the body's cells more easily. Meanwhile, it is missing a membrane protein (NSP6) which was seen in earlier iterations of the virus, which experts think could make it more infectious. And it has two mutations (R203K and G204R) that have been present in all variants of concern so far and have been linked with infectiousness 

But because the spike protein looks so different on the new strain, the body's immune system may struggle to recognise it and fight it off.

It also includes mutations found on the Delta variant that allow it to spread more easily.

Experts warn they won't know how much more infectious the virus is for at least two weeks and may not know its impact on Covid hospitalizations and deaths for up to six weeks. 

What mutations does the variant have? 

The Botswana variant has more than 50 mutations and more than 30 of them are on the spike protein.

It carries mutations P681H and N679K which are 'rarely seen together' and could make it yet more jab resistant.

These two mutations, along with H655Y, may also make it easier for the virus to sneak into the body's cells.

And the mutation N501Y may make the strain more transmissible and was previously seen on the Kent 'Alpha' variant and Beta among others.

Two other mutations (R203K and G204R) could make the virus more infectious, while a mutation that is missing from this variant (NSP6) could increase its transmissibility.  

It also carries mutations K417N and E484A that are similar to those on the South African 'Beta' variant that made it better able to dodge vaccines.

But it also has the N440K, found on Delta, and S477N, on the New York variant — which was linked with a surge of cases in the state in March — that has been linked to antibody escape. 

Other mutations it has include G446S, T478K, Q493K, G496S, Q498R and Y505H, although their significance is not yet clear. 

Is it a variant of concern?

The World Health Organization has classified the virus as a ‘variant of concern’, the label given to the highest-risk strains.

This means WHO experts have concluded its mutations allow it to spread faster, cause more severe illness or hamper the protection from vaccines. 

Where did B.1.1.529 first emerge?

The first case was uploaded to international variant database GISAID by Hong Kong on November 23. The person carrying the new variant was traveling to the country from South Africa.

The UK was the first country to identify that the virus could be a threat and alerted other nations.  

Experts believe the strain may have originated in Botswana, but continental Africa does not sequence many positive samples, so it may never be known where the variant first emerged.

Professor Francois Balloux, a geneticist at University College London, told MailOnline the virus likely emerged in a lingering infection in an immunocompromised patient, possibly someone with undiagnosed AIDS.

In patients with weakened immune systems infections can linger for months because the body is unable to fight it off. This gives the virus time to acquire mutations that allow it to get around the body's defenses.

Will I be protected if I have a booster?

Scientists have warned the new strain could make Covid vaccines 40 per cent less effective at preventing infection - however the impact on severe illness is still unknown.

But they said emergence of the mutant variant makes it even more important to get a booster jab the minute people become eligible for one.

The vaccines trigger neutralizing antibodies, which is the best protection available against the new variant. So the more of these antibodies a person has the better, experts said.

Britain's Health Secretary, Sajid Javid, said: 'The booster jab was already important before we knew about this variant – but now, it could not be more important.' 

When will we know more about the variant?

Data on how transmissible the new variant is and its effect on hospitalizations and deaths is still weeks away.

The UK has offered help to South Africa, where most of the cases are concentrated, to gather this information and believe they will know more about transmissibility in two to three weeks.

But it may be four to six weeks until they know more about hospitalizations and deaths.

What is the variant called?

The strain was scientifically named as B.1.1.529 on November 24, one day after it was spotted in Hong Kong.

The variants given an official name so far include Alpha, Beta, Delta and Gamma.

Experts at the World Health Organization on November 26 named the variant Omicron. 

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