Uterine fibroids are noncancerous or benign tumours that grow in or on the uterus of women of childbearing age, primarily between 30 to 50 years. Medically, they are known as leiomyomas or myomas. Although many women have fibroids with no symptoms, others can experience painful menstruation or heavy bleeding during periods or both, says an expert.

Pushpa Soni, Consultant Obstetrician & Gynaecologist, Columbia Asia Hospital, Pune, says: "Studies have found that 37.65 per cent women in rural India and 24 per cent women in urban India have uterine fibroid. Therefore, women must pay attention to the signs and symptoms that may point at the presence of a uterine fibroid, and the warning signs that require medical attention."

She adds: "Uterine fibroids may vary in size and shape, and may impact the symptoms. They can be as small as the seed of an apple or as big as a grape. A grape-sized fibroid may cause pelvic pressure, making the woman look pregnant due to abdominal growth. Very large fibroids are unusual, but cannot be ruled out completely. They can cause medical conditions such as infertility and anaemia, and may affect an ongoing pregnancy."

Soni points out: "Large fibroids may prevent the foetus from getting the correct foetal position, and increase the mother's risk of a breech birth (when a baby is born bottom first instead of head first) or mal-presentation of the foetal head. It may also increase the chances of a pre-term or a C-section delivery."

Several factors may influence the formation of fibroids although it is unclear why they develop. However, estrogen and progesterone, the two hormones produced by ovaries, cause the uterine lining to regenerate during each menstrual cycle and may stimulate the growth of fibroids. Fibroids may develop and grow rapidly during pregnancy, they may swell when estrogen levels are high, she says.

Following are a few risk factors that may impact the chances of developing these muscle-and-tissue growths: 

* Obesity

* Family history of fibroids

* Women who are nulliparous (do not have children) * Getting period at a young age

* Late menopause

* Heavy menstrual bleeding

* Anaemia due to blood loss that may cause insomnia, fatigue, hair loss, and palpitations 

* Bleeding between periods

* Painful intercourse

* Increased urination

* Pain in pelvis or lower back

* Swelling or enlargement of the abdomen * Constipation

* Leg pain

However, a woman must immediately consult a doctor if she has one or more of the following: * Pelvic pain that does not get better * Extremely heavy, prolonged or painful menstrual bleeding * Spotting between periods or menstrual cycles * Difficulty while urinating

* Unexplained low Red Blood Cell (RBC) count, indicating anaemia Treatment of uterine fibroids:

The expert states that depending on the size and location of the fibroids, the age, symptoms, and reproductive choices of the woman, uterine fibroids can be treated through medication or surgeries.

* Birth control pills

* Oral hormonal medications

* Hormonal injections

* Iron supplements

* Hormonal intrauterine device (IUD) * Hysterectomy (removal of uterus) * Myomectomy (removal of fibroids) * Minimally invasive procedures such as uterine artery embolization, radiofrequency ablation, and laparoscopic myomectomy It is advisable to always consult the right treatment method with your gynaecologist and avoid self-medication.