Throughout the pandemic, a lot of nutrition advice has been handed out. But is there any single food that can help prevent a serious COVID-19 infection?
Our food choices have a direct impact on the health and function of our bodies, and on our immune systems.
With the coronavirus still circulating, people want to know what they can do at home to protect themself against a severe COVID infection. Eating nutritious food that supports a healthy immune system is a good place to start.
Scientists are starting to look at the links between diet and COVID-19 infections. One main point they're making: A variety of nutrients is needed to maintain a healthy body and immune system.
"There is no single nutrient that will act as a magic bullet to protect people [from COVID-19]," said Philip Calder, a nutritional immunologist at the University of Southampton in the UK.
A study of 2,884 healthcare workers in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK and the US published in the BMJ medical journal in May found that those who reported following plant-based diets and pescetarian diets (mainly plant-based with some seafood) were less likely to develop a moderate-to-severe COVID infection than people who eat meat.
For people eating a "plant-based diet" there was a 73% lower chance of moderate-to-severe COVID, and for people who reported eating a "plant-based or pescetarian diet" the odds were 59% lower, compared to people who did not follow a plant-based or pescatarian diet. People eating a low carbohydrate, high protein diet were three times more likely to have a moderate-to-severe COVID infection compared to those on plant-based diets.
While the scientists controlled for factors like age, sex, ethnicity, medical specialty, body mass index, medical conditions and lifetyle factors like smoking and exercise, the study does have some limitations. More than 70% of participants were men and 95% were doctors.
The study did not take other influencing factors like stress and sleep into account.
"There are lots of things that influence people's immune system and diet is just one of them," said Calder. "It isn't the be all and end all."
Of the 568 COVID cases in the study, only 298 had a positive PCR or antibody test. The rest of the cases only had reported symptoms of COVID. When the study was restricted to only those with positive tests, although the association was the same as the main results, the small sample size meant it was no longer significant.
The researchers screened participants for substantial exposure to COVID-19, but were not able to control exactly how much exposure each healthcare worker had.
The study has limitations, but its findings are somewhat in line with what the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend we eat.
Humans need both micronutrients and macronutrients, most of which can be found in plant-based foods.
Micronutrients include vitamins and minerals, which are essential for keeping our bodies running smoothly and our immune systems strong.
Macronutrients give us the energy to maintain our bodily functions and get through the day. They can be roughly divided into three groups: carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
The WHO recommends eating a diet that includes a variety of fruits and vegetables, legumes (e.g. lentils, chickpeas, beans, peas), nuts, whole grains (e.g. brown rice, oats, millet, maize) and animal-source foods. People should eat at least five portions (or a total of 400 grams) of fruit and vegetables every day. While starchy root vegetables like potatoes, sweet potatoes and cassava are healthy, they do not count as one of your five a day.
It's also about what not to eat: Sugar intake should not exceed 12 teaspoons a day, but ideally just six for additional health benefits. This includes all the sugars added to food and drinks, as well as sugars that are naturally present in foods like honey, fruit juice and syrup. The sugar in fruit and vegetables is not included. Salt intake should be restricted to about one teaspoon a day.
One nutritional factor that may contribute to a less severe course of COVID are Omega-3 fatty acids. There are three main types that humans need: ALA, DHA and EPA.
ALA is mainly found in plant oils and seeds, like chia, flax and canola oil. DHA and EPA can only be found in fish and some algae. Vegetarians and vegans can take supplements made from algae to fill this gap. Fish actually become enriched with Omega-3 because of the algae they eat.
Iranian researchers have found that Omega-3s could play an important role in good COVID outcomes. The results of a randomized controlled trial published in the Journal of Translational Medicine in March 2021 showed that critically ill COVID-19 patients who took a 1000mg Omega-3 supplement containing 400mg of EPAs and 200mg of DHAs for two weeks after hospitalization had a 21% survival rate after one month compared to 3% in the control group.
It also improved some markers of respiratory and renal function in critically ill COVID patients, but further studies need to be done, the authors wrote.
When you feed yourself, you're also feeding your microbiome, a collection of bacteria but also fungi, parasites, and viruses that co-exist throughout the body. The largest number of these microbes is found in the gut.
"The microbiome does many jobs, including helping us digest our food, making vital vitamins, protecting from infection and educating our immune system," said Sheena Cruickshank, an immunologist at the University of Manchester in the UK.
The microbiome helps to keep the barriers that protect us from germs strong by strengthening the cells that line the gut, as well as actively protecting against invading germs, Cruickshank said.
Your diet also has a significant role in determining what kinds of microbes live in your colon.
Fibers like resistant starches, for example cooked potatoes, beans or lentils, help feed the good bacteria. Probiotic foods contain live beneficial bacteria and can also help. They include fermented foods like kefir, yoghurt with live active cultures, kimchi, miso, sauerkraut, pickled vegetables, tempeh and kombucha tea.
These foods help to keep your gut healthy, which in turn supports your immune system in the fight against COVID.