The idea for this bio-inspired ink came from trees that harness the power of photosynthesis to produce glucose that transform to cellulose and strengthen the plant's cell structure. "When trees are young," says Wang, "they are flexible, when they are mature, they are rigid."

"The research idea is also inspired by Popeye the Sailor, the animated character who can strengthen his muscles by eating spinach," says Wang, whose research is focused on bioinspired manufacturing and mechanics of unprecedented materials and structures that can potentially address engineering challenges in infrastructure, energy, robotics, healthcare and the environment.

"Now, we are using scientific innovation to realize our childhood imagination," says Wang.

The research team behind this study, which includes USC Viterbi Ph.D. students Kunhao Yu and Zhangzhengrong Feng as lead authors along with Professor Nicholas X. Fang of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Professor Chiara Daraio of California Institute of Technology, used a centrifuge to extract chloroplasts from spinach purchased from Trader Joe's. They blended the spinach chloroplasts with a newly invented 3D-printable polymer ink. Then they used the ink to 3D-print structures. By applying light to the 3-printed structure, they created conditions to generate plant-based glucose which reacts with the polymer to make the material become stronger and stronger.

By applying two to four hours of light and mimicking the power of photosynthesis, the researchers believe this "living material" can self-strengthen to be six times its original strength. What's more, the strengthening effect induced by the living chloroplasts can be temporarily suspended by freezing the material at 0? (the chloroplasts are temporarily slowed down at freezing). Once the temperature returns to room temperature, the strengthening effect can be resumed.

"The material behaves like a snake that hibernates through the winter," Wang says.

"Such a temporary 'suspending behavior' has never been demonstrated in existing engineering materials," Wang adds.

Yu, a lead author on the paper notes, "This technology with gradient light illumination can create engineering structures with gradient stiffness, which exhibit an exceptional 'cushioning' property far beyond that of the homogeneous ones.

"Another striking finding is that the strengthening effect can be tuned by external force," said Feng, the paper's other lead author.

"When you hang a weight on a tree branch, that branch will become much stronger than other branches, a process called "mechanotransduction." The same phenomenon happens here.

The team envisions applying photosynthesis to materials to design a custom 3D-printed sneaker sole that molds to one's foot and has a customized stiffness.

Some plants exhibit a self-healing capability during grafting and wound repairing. According to the researchers, the "living material"infused with chloroplasts in a lab at USC also presents an outstanding self-repairing property. Such a property is induced by the photosynthesis-produced glucose that creates the molecular process of cross-linking (in essence equivalent to creating sutures). Such crack-repairing capability could be applied in boat propellers or even drones.

Story Source:

Materials provided by University of Southern California. Original written by Amy Blumenthal. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference:

1. Kunhao Yu, Zhangzhengrong Feng, Haixu Du, An Xin, Kyung Hoon Lee, Ketian Li, Yipin Su, Qiming Wang, Nicholas X. Fang, Chiara Daraio. Photosynthesis-assisted remodeling of three-dimensional printed structures. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2021; 118 (3): e2016524118 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016524118