Coronavirus: What is the R number and how is it calculated?

The R number has risen above one, which means the coronavirus epidemic is growing once again.

The latest R estimate for the whole of the UK, from the government's scientific advisory group Sage, is between 1.1 and 1.2.

The R number is a way of rating coronavirus or any disease's ability to spread.

R is the number of people that one infected person will pass on a virus to, on average.

Measles has an R number of 15 in populations without immunity.

That means, on average, one person will spread measles to 15 others.

Coronavirus - known officially as Sars-CoV-2 - would have a reproduction number of about 3 if no action was taken to stop it spreading.

You can't capture the moment people are infected. Instead, scientists work backwards.

Data - such as the number of people dying, admitted to hospital or testing positive for the virus over time - is used to estimate how easily the virus is spreading.

If the R value is higher than one, then the number of cases increases exponentially - it snowballs like debt on an unpaid credit card.

But if the R number is lower the disease will eventually stop spreading, because not enough new people are being infected to sustain the outbreak.

Governments everywhere want to force the R number down from about three (the R number if we took no action) to below one.

The R number is not fixed. Instead, it changes as our behaviour changes or as immunity develops.

Mathematical modellers at Imperial College London attempted to track how the number changed as isolation, social distancing and the full lockdown were introduced in the spring.

Before any measures came in, the R number was well above one and the conditions were ripe for a large outbreak. Successive restrictions brought it down, but it was not until full lockdown that it was driven below one.

Although the R number across the UK is now between 1.1 and 1.2, there are regional differences.

Scotland's estimated R number is between 0.9 and 1.1.

In Wales the number is thought to be between 0.9 and 1.2 - while in Northern Ireland it is about 1.15.

In England, the highest estimated R rate is in the East, where it is between 1.2 and 1.4.

The R number is one of the big three.

Another is severity - some people have a very mild disease that does not cause many problems. But coronavirus and the disease it causes, Covid-19, can be severe and deadly.

The last is the number of cases, which is important for deciding when to act. If you have a high number, but ease restrictions so the reproduction number is about one, then you will continue to have a high number of cases.

Having a vaccine is another way to bring down the reproduction number and people in the UK have started being given the one produced by Pfizer/Biotech.

A coronavirus patient would naturally infect three others on average, but if a vaccine could protect two of them from infection, then the reproduction number would fall from three to one.

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