There’s no law that says he has to concede, but if he doesn’t, Trump will be the first presidential candidate in modern times to ignore a tradition that has marked peaceful transitions throughout American history.

Most concessions are gracious — less about the loser and more about closure for the country. Others have a little dry humour mixed in. After failing to win re-election in 1992, George HW Bush quoted Winston Churchill and said he had been given the “Order of the Boot,” according to presidential historian Michael Beschloss. Bush said he could accept defeat because of his “deep devotion to the political system under which this nation has thrived for two centuries.”

The concession tradition had a hiccup in 2000 when Gore called George W. Bush to concede and then called him back to recant as the results from Florida went sideways. Their tight campaign ended with the Florida vote in limbo. “Let me make sure I understand,” Bush told Gore on the phone. “You’re calling me back to retract your concession?” When Bush was declared the winner after the Supreme Court halted further recount action, Gore delivered his second concession.

“Just moments ago I spoke with George W. Bush and congratulated him on becoming the 43rd president of the United States. And I promised him that I wouldn’t call him back this time,” Gore said. Democratic and Republican candidates in the presidential primaries give concession speeches too. In 1976, after he lost the race to be the Democratic presidential nominee, congressman Morris Udall quipped, “The voters have spoken — the bastards.” Most concession speeches are about mending the country. After his loss in 2008, Republican Sen. John McCain said: “The American people have spoken, and they have spoken clearly. A little while ago, I had the honor of calling Sen. Barack Obama to congratulate him on being elected the next president of the country that we both love.

“I urge all Americans who supported me to join me in not just congratulating him, but offering our next president our goodwill and earnest effort to find ways to come together.” Richard Nixon, who lost to John F. Kennedy in 1960, said in his concession speech: “One of the individual features of America is that we have political contests — that they are very hard-fought as this one is hard-fought. And once the decision is made, we unite behind the man who was elected.”

When Jimmy Carter lost in 1980, he said matter-of-factly, “The people of the United States have made a choice and, of course, I accept that decision.” Bob Dole had to concede in more than one race, but he did so both times with his trademark humour. After Gerald Ford and Dole lost the 1976 presidential election to Carter and Walter Mondale, Dole, quipped: “Contrary to reports that I took the loss badly, I want to say that I went home last night and slept like a baby — every two hours I woke up and cried.” Dole fell back on humour again in 1996 during his concession speech following his loss to Bill Clinton. When Dole talked of having just congratulated Clinton, he had to discourage boos from the crowd.

He later hushed a particularly raucous supporter by smiling and joking, “You’re not gonna get that tax cut if you don’t be quiet.” Trump isn’t the only candidate to be disgruntled after a loss. President John Adams was glum, too. He was elected the nation’s second president in 1796, but failed to win re-election.

“Adams was very bitter after losing the election of 1800,” said John Vile, a political science professor at Middle Tennessee State University who wrote a book about presidents and their words of victory and concession. “He slipped out of Washington, D.C., the morning of or the night before the election. He did not stay for the inauguration.”