Tanzania has been spared the internal strife that has blighted many African states.

Domestic stability has not translated into economic prosperity for Tanzanians, however. Many of its people live below the World Bank poverty line, although the country has had some success in wooing donors and investors.

Tanzania is home to two renowned tourism destinations - Africa's highest mountain, Kilimanjaro, and wildlife-rich national parks such as the Serengeti - but has become a target for poachers.

Conservationists have warned that the entire elephant population could die out by the end of the decade if they continue to be killed for their ivory at the current rate.

FACTS

LEADERS

President: John Magufuli

Nicknamed "The Bulldozer" for his energetic road-building drive and reputation for honesty as a minister, John Magufuli stood for president in 2015 on promises to boost economic performance and, like the opposition, fight corruption.

Mr Magufuli has caused international concern over his campaign against the independent media and other issues, including gay rights and his handling of the Covid-19 pandemic.He won the October 2020 presidential election by a large margin, amid opposition allegations of fraud.

MEDIA

Laws encourage self-censorship while threats and attacks against journalists hinder critical reporting, according to US-based Freedom House.

That has not stopped the country's media scene from developing: once small and largely state-controlled, the media industry has grown rapidly following the advent of the multi-party era in the mid-1990s.

Television was a latecomer, with state TV launched only in 2001.

TIMELINE

Some key dates in Tanzania's history:

1498 - Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama visits Tanzanian coast. Portugal succeeds in controlling most of the East African coast, until it is ousted from Zanzibar in 1699 by Omani Arabs.

1884 - German Colonisation Society begins to acquire territory, ushering in an era of German control over mainland Tanzania, while Britain enjoys a protectorate over Zanzibar.

1916 - British, Belgian and South African troops occupy German East Africa. Three years later, the League of Nations gives Britain a mandate over Tanganyika - today's mainland Tanzania.

1961 - Tanganyika becomes independent with Julius Nyerere as prime minister; Zanzibar gains independence in 1963.

1964 - Two territories unite as Tanzania.

1978 - Ugandans temporarily occupy a piece of Tanzanian territory and, in 1979, Tanzanian forces invade Uganda, occupying the capital, Kampala, and help to oust President Idi Amin.

1992 - Constitution amended to allow multi-party politics.

1998 - Al-Qaeda Islamist terror group bombs US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya.

2001 - At least 31 people are killed and another 100 arrested in Zanzibar in protests against the government's banning of opposition rallies calling for fresh elections.

Later the same year, tens of thousands of opposition supporters march through the commercial capital, Dar es Salaam, in the first major joint demonstration by opposition parties in decades.

2012 - The Statoil and Exxon Mobil oil exploration companies make major discovery of gas reserves off the coast of Tanzania.