Covid: What are the lockdown rules in place across Europe?

Measures to deal with coronavirus outbreaks are in place across Europe.

Many involve the reintroduction of restrictions which had been eased after initial lockdowns.

The Czech Republic is the first country in Europe to announce a new national lockdown similar to the one imposed in the spring.

From Thursday 22 October to 3 November shops, services and schools will be closed, with exception of those selling essential supplies.

People will not be able to leave their home unless they are going to work, making essential family visits, exercising, buying food or medicine or seeking medical help.

A curfew in Paris and eight other cities, affecting about 22 million people, will come into effect on 17 October and last at least four weeks.

People in the capital, as well as Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Saint-Etienne, Rouen, Toulouse, Grenoble and Montpellier will have to stay at home from 21:00 to 06:00. Only essential trips will be permitted.

Schools will remain open with travel between regions allowed during the day. Only six people will be allowed to gather inside private homes.

Lyon, Lille, Grenoble and Saint-Etienne became zones of "maximum alert" on Saturday 10 October. Bars and restaurants had to close, as they did in Paris earlier that week and Marseille last month.

Across France, gatherings are limited to 10 people and wedding receptions, students' parties and other organised gatherings in hired locations are banned.

Face coverings are compulsory in enclosed public spaces throughout France, while specific areas have introduced additional rules.

In Paris and surrounding areas, face coverings must be worn outdoors by anyone aged 11 and over. Hundreds of other municipalities across France have the same rule, including Toulouse, Nice, Lille and Lyon.

Masks must also be worn in most workplaces.

The northern region of Navarre is starting a partial lockdown from 22 October, for two weeks. Bars and restaurants have to close and movement of people in and out of the region will be restricted.

A partial lockdown in the region of Catalonia started on 15 October. Bars and restaurants had to close in that area too.

A week earlier, the Spanish government imposed a 15-day state of emergency in Madrid and surrounding areas. The move was contested by the local authorities. The restrictions on Madrid and nearby cities are being enforced by 7,000 police officers.

Almost five million people are affected by the restrictions, which mean:

Face masks have to be worn by anyone over the age of six on all forms of public transport and in indoor public spaces across the country.

Most regions in Spain have made masks obligatory outdoors as well.

From 14 October, all bars, restaurants and coffee shops have only been able to serve takeaways.

The sale of alcohol in shops and restaurants is banned after 20:00, and you are not allowed to drink alcohol in public after that time.

All shops, apart from supermarkets, must close by 20:00 across the country.

People are advised to stay at home and work from home as much as possible. A maximum of three people can visit your home per day, and only four can meet outside, but both rules exclude children under 13.

Events like open-air concerts and funfairs are banned.

The measures will stay in place for at least four weeks.

Previous measures, such as wearing masks on public transport, in shops and other indoor places, will also continue to apply.

Schools, gyms, swimming pools and saunas will stay open, and children under the age of 18 can continue playing amateur sports.

Chancellor Angela Merkel has urged people to stay at home as Covid cases continue to surge.

From 20 October, the district of Berchtesgadener Land at the Bavarian-Austrian border, will impose a circuit-breaker - or temporary lockdown - for two weeks. Schools, nurseries and restaurants will be closed and people will have to stay at home unless they have a compelling reason to leave.

In Berlin, which is among the regions with the steepest rise in infections, restaurants and bars must close at 23:00. Private parties and gatherings are limited to 10. Outside and at night only, five people or members of two households are allowed to gather.

A ban on large gatherings in Germany - such as festivals, concerts and sporting events with spectators - has been extended to the end of the year in areas with high infection rates.

Testing at airports has been compulsory for people arriving from high-risk countries. But from 30 September those travellers have had to self-isolate for 14 days.

People failing to wear face coverings in shops or on public transport face a minimum fine of 50 euros (£46).

Public gatherings are limited to 50 people and private to 25.

The Italian government announced new measures on Sunday.

Mayors will get powers to close public areas after 21:00. Bars and restaurants have to close at midnight, but after 18:00 only table service is allowed. Up to six people are allowed to gather in a group.

Local conferences, festivals and amateur contact sports are suspended.

Gyms and swimming pools will have to adapt to new protocols within seven days.

It's already mandatory to wear face masks in outdoor spaces across the country.

Italians must also wear masks indoors everywhere except in private homes.

In schools, face masks are obligatory for all children over the age of six when they move around the building.

Schools will stay open but older pupils will be starting later and more distance-learning is encouraged.

Denmark was one of the first countries in Europe to reopen schools in April.

However, in late August the number of cases began rising sharply.

The government responded by making face masks compulsory on public transport.

In Copenhagen and surrounding areas - which have seen a spike in cases - bars, restaurants and nightclubs must now shut at 22:00.

Private parties, and gatherings such as weddings, must end by the same time and masks must be worn in restaurants, bars and cafes.

New measures, in place from 19 October, include the closure of all bars and restaurants across the country for four weeks, a ban on selling alcohol after 20:00 and a curfew from midnight to 05:00.

Restaurants can open for takeaways until 22:00. The government has promised a package of support for all affected businesses.

Households can invite up to four guests, always the same ones, changing every two weeks, and working from home is mandatory, where possible.

Food markets can stay open, but Christmas markets, winter villages and second-hand markets are not allowed.

Nightclubs remain closed and no major events, such as festivals, are allowed.

Football fans are, for now, allowed to return to stadiums, but only at a fraction of capacity and they must wear masks.

As pupils returned to school and some workers to their offices, new restrictions were put in place.

Commercial establishments have to close by 23:00.

Sales of alcohol are banned at service and petrol stations. Shops can sell alcohol but only until 20:00. Drinking alcohol is banned in public places unless it is part of a meal service.

Gatherings are limited to a maximum of five people. University parties are banned but up to 50 people are allowed at weddings and baptisms.

Masks are now compulsory in all public indoor spaces and on all public transport in Greece.

In September, tighter restrictions came into force in the Attica region, which includes Athens: face masks have to be worn at work and in all crowded outdoor places.

There have also been further local restrictions introduced on some of the Greek islands, and free on-the-spot testing has been offered to people arriving on the mainland from those particular islands.

From midnight on Wednesday, Ireland will return to the highest level of coronavirus restrictions, which are expected to last for six weeks but will be reviewed after four.

People are being asked to stay at home. Those who can work from home must do so.

No social or family gatherings are allowed in homes or gardens but people can meet outdoors with one other household, for example to exercise, but within 5km (about three miles) from home.

Many non-essential shops and hairdressers will close and bars and restaurants will only be able to provide a takeaway service.

Weddings and funerals will be limited to 25 and 10 people respectively.

However, schools and creches will remain open and elite sport and construction will continue.

There was no lockdown in Sweden but, in line with government advice, most people respected voluntary social distancing and started working from home where possible.

The country banned gatherings of more than 50 people and urged people over 70 to self-isolate - but shops, bars, restaurant and gyms stayed open.

The number of new infections is now rising again, but not as sharply as in some other parts of Europe.

Authorities have not ruled out future restrictions, but for now, businesses remain open and masks are not recommended.