Professor Colin Simpfendorfer from James Cook University in Australia was one of the scientists who took part in the study, published today in Nature by the Global FinPrint organisation. He said of the 371 reefs surveyed in 58 countries, sharks were rarely seen on close to 20 percent of those reefs.

"This doesn't mean there are never any sharks on these reefs, but what it does mean is that they are 'functionally extinct' -- they are not playing their normal role in the ecosystem," said Professor Simpfendorfer.

He said almost no sharks were detected on any of the 69 reefs of six nations: the Dominican Republic, the French West Indies, Kenya, Vietnam, the Windward Dutch Antilles and Qatar.

"In these countries, only three sharks were observed during more than 800 survey hours," said Professor Simpfendorfer.

Dr Demian Chapman, Global FinPrint co-lead and Associate Professor in the Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Environment at Florida International University, said it's clear the central problem is the intersection between high human population densities, destructive fishing practices, and poor governance.

"We found that robust shark populations can exist alongside people when those people have the will, the means, and a plan to take conservation action," said Dr Chapman.

Professor Simpfendorfer said it was encouraging that Australia was among the best nations at protecting shark populations and ensuring they played their proper role in the environment.

"We're up there along with such nations as the Federated States of Micronesia, French Polynesia and the US. These nations reflect key attributes that were found to be associated with higher populations of sharks: being generally well-governed, and either banning all shark fishing or having strong, science-based management limiting how many sharks can be caught," he said.

Jody Allen, co-founder and chair of the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation which backs the Global FinPrint project, said the results exposed a tragic loss of sharks from many of the world's reefs, but also gave some hope.

"The data collected from the first-ever worldwide survey of sharks on coral reefs can guide meaningful, long-term conservation plans for protecting the reef sharks that remain," she said.

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Materials provided by James Cook University. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference:

1. M. Aaron MacNeil, Demian D. Chapman, Michelle Heupel, Colin A. Simpfendorfer, Michael Heithaus, Mark Meekan, Euan Harvey, Jordan Goetze, Jeremy Kiszka, Mark E. Bond, Leanne M. Currey-Randall, Conrad W. Speed, C. Samantha Sherman, Matthew J. Rees, Vinay Udyawer, Kathryn I. Flowers, Gina Clementi, Jasmine Valentin-Albanese, Taylor Gorham, M. Shiham Adam, Khadeeja Ali, Fabián Pina-Amargós, Jorge A. Angulo-Valdés, Jacob Asher, Laura García Barcia, Océane Beaufort, Cecilie Benjamin, Anthony T. F. Bernard, Michael L. Berumen, Stacy Bierwagen, Erika Bonnema, Rosalind M. K. Bown, Darcey Bradley, Edd Brooks, J. Jed Brown, Dayne Buddo, Patrick Burke, Camila Cáceres, Diego Cardeñosa, Jeffrey C. Carrier, Jennifer E. Caselle, Venkatesh Charloo, Thomas Claverie, Eric Clua, Jesse E. M. Cochran, Neil Cook, Jessica Cramp, Brooke D’Alberto, Martin de Graaf, Mareike Dornhege, Andy Estep, Lanya Fanovich, Naomi F. Farabough, Daniel Fernando, Anna L. Flam, Camilla Floros, Virginia Fourqurean, Ricardo Garla, Kirk Gastrich, Lachlan George, Rory Graham, Tristan Guttridge, Royale S. Hardenstine, Stephen Heck, Aaron C. Henderson, Heidi Hertler, Robert Hueter, Mohini Johnson, Stacy Jupiter, Devanshi Kasana, Steven T. Kessel, Benedict Kiilu, Taratu Kirata, Baraka Kuguru, Fabian Kyne, Tim Langlois, Elodie J. I. Lédée, Steve Lindfield, Andrea Luna-Acosta, Jade Maggs, B. Mabel Manjaji-Matsumoto, Andrea Marshall, Philip Matich, Erin McCombs, Dianne McLean, Llewelyn Meggs, Stephen Moore, Sushmita Mukherji, Ryan Murray, Muslimin Kaimuddin, Stephen J. Newman, Josep Nogués, Clay Obota, Owen O’Shea, Kennedy Osuka, Yannis P. Papastamatiou, Nishan Perera, Bradley Peterson, Alessandro Ponzo, Andhika Prasetyo, L. M. Sjamsul Quamar, Jessica Quinlan, Alexei Ruiz-Abierno, Enric Sala, Melita Samoilys, Michelle Schärer-Umpierre, Audrey Schlaff, Nikola Simpson, Adam N. H. Smith, Lauren Sparks, Akshay Tanna, Rubén Torres, Michael J. Travers, Maurits van Zinnicq Bergmann, Laurent Vigliola, Juney Ward, Alexandra M. Watts, Colin Wen, Elizabeth Whitman, Aaron J. Wirsing, Aljoscha Wothke, Esteban Zarza-Gonzâlez, Joshua E. Cinner. Global status and conservation potential of reef sharks. Nature, 2020; DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2519-y