Nuclear reactors are driven by fissioning uranium and plutonium fuel. The neutron-rich fission products decay by beta decay towards the beta-stability line by emitting electrons and electron antineutrinos. Each beta decay produces a continuous energy spectrum for the emitted electrons and antineutrinos up to a maximum energy (beta end-point energy).

The number of emitted electrons for each electron energy constitutes the electron spectral shape and the complement of it describes the antineutrino spectral shape.

Nuclear reactors emit antineutrinos with an energy distribution that is sum of the antineutrino spectral shapes of all the beta decays in the reactor. This energy distribution has been measured by large neutrino-oscillation experiments. On the other hand, this energy distribution of antineutrinos has been built by using the available nuclear data on beta decays of the fission products.

The established reference for this construction is the Huber-Mueller (HM) model. Comparison of the HM-predicted antineutrino energy spectrum with that measured by the oscillation experiments revealed a deficit in the number of measured antineutrinos and an additional "bump," an extra increase in the measured number of the antineutrinos between 4 and 7 MeV of antineutrino energy. The deficit was coined the reactor antineutrino anomaly or the flux anomaly and has been associated with the oscillation of the ordinary neutrinos to the so-called sterile neutrinos which do not interact with ordinary matter, and thus disappear from the antineutrino flux emitted by the reactors. Up to recently there has not been a convincing explanation for the appearance of the bump in the measured antineutrino flux.

Only recently a potential explanation for the flux anomaly and bump has been discussed quantitatively. The flux deficit and the bump could be associated to omission of accurate spectral shapes of the so-called first-fobidden non-unique beta decays taken into account for the first time in the so-called "HKSS" flux model (from the first letters of the surnames of the authors, L. Hayen, J. Kostensalo, N. Severijns, J. Suhonen, of the related article).

How to verify that the HKSS flux and bump predictions are reliable?

"One way is to measure the spectral shapes of the key transitions and compare with the HKSS predictions. These measurements are extremely hard but recently a perfect test case could be measured by the  renowned EXO-200 collaboration and comparison with our theory group's predictions could be achieved in a joint publication [AlKharusi2020]. A perfect match of the measured and theory-predicted spectral shape was obtained, thus supporting the HKSS calculations and its conclusions. Further measurements of spectral shapes of other transitions could be anticipated in the (near) future," says Professor Jouni Suhonen from the Department of Physics at the University of Jyvaskyla.

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Journal Reference:

1. S. Al Kharusi, G. Anton, I. Badhrees, P. S. Barbeau, D. Beck, V. Belov, T. Bhatta, M. Breidenbach, T. Brunner, G. F. Cao, W. R. Cen, C. Chambers, B. Cleveland, M. Coon, A. Craycraft, T. Daniels, L. Darroch, S. J. Daugherty, J. Davis, S. Delaquis, A. Der Mesrobian-Kabakian, R. DeVoe, J. Dilling, A. Dolgolenko, M. J. Dolinski, J. Echevers, W. Fairbank, D. Fairbank, J. Farine, S. Feyzbakhsh, P. Fierlinger, D. Fudenberg, P. Gautam, R. Gornea, G. Gratta, C. Hall, E. V. Hansen, J. Hoessl, P. Hufschmidt, M. Hughes, A. Iverson, A. Jamil, C. Jessiman, M. J. Jewell, A. Johnson, A. Karelin, L. J. Kaufman, T. Koffas, J. Kostensalo, R. Krücken, A. Kuchenkov, K. S. Kumar, Y. Lan, A. Larson, B. G. Lenardo, D. S. Leonard, G. S. Li, S. Li, Z. Li, C. Licciardi, Y. H. Lin, R. MacLellan, T. McElroy, T. Michel, B. Mong, D. C. Moore, K. Murray, P. Nakarmi, O. Njoya, O. Nusair, A. Odian, I. Ostrovskiy, A. Piepke, A. Pocar, F. Retière, A. L. Robinson, P. C. Rowson, D. Ruddell, J. Runge, S. Schmidt, D. Sinclair, K. Skarpaas, A. K. Soma, V. Stekhanov, J. Suhonen, M. Tarka, S. Thibado, J. Todd, T. Tolba, T. I. Totev, R. Tsang, B. Veenstra, V. Veeraraghavan, P. Vogel, J.-L. Vuilleumier, M. Wagenpfeil, J. Watkins, M. Weber, L. J. Wen, U. Wichoski, G. Wrede, S. X. Wu, Q. Xia, D. R. Yahne, L. Yang, Y.-R. Yen, O. Ya. Zeldovich, T. Ziegler. Measurement of the Spectral Shape of the β-Decay of Xe137 to the Ground State of Cs137 in EXO-200 and Comparison with Theory. Physical Review Letters, 2020; 124 (23) DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.232502