The team used the fossilized remains of ancient plant tissues to produce a new record of atmospheric CO₂ that spans 23 million years of uninterrupted Earth history. They have shown elsewhere that as plants grow, the relative amount of the two stable isotopes of carbon, carbon-12 and carbon-13 changes in response to the amount of CO₂ in the atmosphere. This research, published this week in Geology, is a next-level study measuring the relative amount of these carbon isotopes in fossil plant materials and calculating the CO₂ concentration of the atmosphere under which the ancient plants grew.

Furthermore, Schubert and colleagues' new CO₂ "timeline" revealed no evidence for any fluctuations in CO₂ that might be comparable to the dramatic CO₂ increase of the present day, which suggests today's abrupt greenhouse disruption is unique across recent geologic history.

Another point, important to geological readers, is that because major evolutionary changes over the past 23 million years were not accompanied by large changes in CO₂, perhaps ecosystems and temperature might be more sensitive to smaller changes in CO₂ than previously thought. As an example: The substantial global warmth of the middle Pliocene (5 to 3 million years ago) and middle Miocene (17 to 15 million years ago), which are sometimes studied as a comparison for current global warming, were associated with only modest increases in CO₂.

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Materials provided by Geological Society of America. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference:

1. A. Hope Jahren, Brian A. Schubert, Ying Cui. A 23 m.y. record of low atmospheric CO2. Geology, 2020; DOI: 10.1130/G47681.1