The International Monetary Fund (IMF) warned on Tuesday that the novel coronavirus outbreak has exposed "cracks" in the global financial system and "will likely" see banks suffer both credit losses and market losses that will test their reserves.
The world's largest multilateral lender cautioned that while banks have built up strong capital and liquidity buffers since the 2007-2009 financial crisis, the potential for a long and severe downturn will put those buffers to the test.
"This crisis presents a very serious threat to the stability of the global financial system," the IMF wrote in its Global Financial Stability Report ahead of its virtual summit with the World Bank in place of its usual spring gathering.
Measures to stem the spread of the virus have left 16 million Americans without jobs, wiped trillions of dollars off global stock markets and could lead to the worst economic crash since the Great Depression of the 1930s, the IMF warned last week.
"The declines in asset prices are expected to lead to losses on banks' portfolios of risky securities, though this could be partly offset by gains on their holdings of safe-haven assets," the IMF said.
The IMF flagged that emerging strains in the US commercial real estate sector, as tenants struggle to pay their landlords, were a point of potential stress for banks who account for as much as 70% of lending to that sector.
Companies have been rushing to draw down what the IMF estimated was $10 trillion in unused credit lines at the end of 2019, pressurizing banks to eat into their liquidity buffers.
The fall in oil prices is also likely to lead to credit losses among energy lenders, while banks may also take losses on loans to struggling households, the IMF said.
"The longer the sudden stop in economic activity continues, the more likely it is that banks will see credit losses," it added.
Policymakers have already taken "decisive" fiscal and monetary policy steps to soften the impact of the pandemic, the IMF said. In the United States, the Federal Reserve has taken a volley of unprecedented measures to prop up the economy.
But some emerging and frontier economies do not have the firepower of their Western peers and are facing a "perfect storm" as domestic financial stress is compounded by record funds outflows and reduced access to external debt financing.
"This loss of external debt financing is likely to put pressure on more leveraged and less creditworthy borrowers," the IMF warned.