A hundred-and-one female sex workers, some of whom were transwomen, died in 2018/19, half of them murdered, says a report released earlier this week.

The report, Female and Transomxn Sex Worker Deaths in South Africa, was authored by the Sex Workers Education and Advocacy Task force (SWEAT), supported by Sisonke, GroundUp reports.

"Our analysis found that almost 45% of known causes of deaths in our study were attributed to murder. The methods included poisoning, multiple gunshot wounds, stabbing, strangulation, and being pushed out of a moving car," said the report.

"Sex work is work. We cannot have work that does not have labour rights," said Sixolile Ngcobo of the Commission for Gender Equality and a keynote speaker at the event.

Ngcobo added sex work should not be criminalised because this made women vulnerable and encouraged human trafficking. Sex work in South Africa is illegal for both the buyer and seller.

She said had she has never heard sex workers say they did not want to be regulated or taxed, adding a framework on how it would be regulated needed to be produced, similar to what had been done with farmworkers, teachers and lawyers.

The report was launched as part of the #SayHerName campaign. Launched in 2016, it was created to protect the rights of sex workers, to celebrate and empower them.

Ngcobo said there were 138 000 women, 7 000 men, and 6 000 transgender sex workers in South Africa according to a 2013 study.

Between 2014 and 2017, 118 female sex workers died, according to the previous #SayHerName report, 55% as a result of murder.

In March 2019, sex worker, activist and former acting chairperson of SWEAT Ayanda Denge was murdered inside the Helen Bowden nurses' home.

In a high-profile case, artist Zwelethu Mthethwa received 18 years in prison for kicking 23-year-old Nokuphila Kumalo, a sex worker, to death.

The report said perpetrators of violence included clients, intimate (non-commercial) partners and the general public.

Law enforcement officers posed a particular threat to sex workers as they can enforce unlawful arrests, use excessive force during arrests, and extort sex workers with the threat of arrest. There is also a chance of rape and abuse while in custody. It is unlikely that sex workers will report cases of such abuse and violence against them.

A 2013 study found about half of women sex workers in Johannesburg and Cape Town had experienced physical assault at least once within a 12-month period.

"Of the abuse reported to the Women's Legal Centre by sex workers, over 60% of cases were from the police as perpetrators," said the report.

Ngcobo said the police sometimes counted how many condoms a person had with them and based on that would decide if you should be arrested.

She added she has done "gender sensitivity training" with high-ranking officials and found "once they see a sex worker, they see someone very vulnerable, someone who is free for any violation because there is no protection".

The report seeks to mainstream sex workers' deaths and violence "into the general gender-based violence and femicide dialogue", said Nosipho Vidima of SWEAT.

The report also contains several names and profiles of sex workers who have died.

"It's very important to have a name. And have a story. And a background when you're talking about femicide, which is lacking in the movement in general," said Vidima.

In 2017, however, the South African Law Reform Commission released a report recommending full or partial criminalisation of sex work.

"Prostitution in South Africa can also be viewed as an aspect of male violence against women and children. South Africa is grappling with high levels of violence against women, with sexual assault and intimate partner violence contributing to increased risks for HIV infection.

"Changing the legislative framework could create an extremely dangerous cultural shift juxtaposed against the high numbers of sexual crimes already committed against women. Women would be considered even more expendable than at present," the report argued.