Scientists have used sound waves to precisely manipulate atoms and molecules, accelerating the sustainable production of smart materials that can be used to store, separate, release or protect almost anything.
Predicted to be the defining material of the 21st century, metal-organic frameworks, or MOFs, are incredibly versatile and super porous nanomaterials.
MOFs are ideal for sensing and trapping substances at minute concentrations, to purify water or air, and can also hold large amounts of energy, for making better batteries and energy storage devices.
Scientists have designed over 88,000 precisely-customised MOFs -- with applications ranging from agriculture to pharmaceuticals.
However, the traditional process for creating them is environmentally unsustainable and can take several hours or even days.
Now, researchers from RMIT University in Australia, have demonstrated a clean, green technique that can produce a customised MOF in minutes.
Heba Ahmed, lead author of the study published in the journal Nature Communications, said the efficient and scaleable method harnessed the precision power of high-frequency sound waves.
"MOFs have boundless potential, but we need cleaner and faster synthesis techniques to take full advantage of all their possible benefits," said Ahmed, a postdoctoral researcher at RMIT.
"Our acoustically-driven approach avoids the environmental harms of traditional methods and produces ready-to-use MOFs quickly and sustainably.
"The technique not only eliminates one of the most time-consuming steps in making MOFs, it leaves no trace and can be easily scaled up for efficient mass production," Ahmed said.
Metal-organic frameworks are crystalline powders full of tiny, molecular-sized holes.
They have a unique structure -- metals joined to each other by organic linkers -- and are so porous that if you took a gramme of a MOF and spread out its internal surface area, you would cover an area larger than a football pitch.
Some have predicted MOFs could be as important to the 21st century as plastics were to the 20th.
During the standard production process, solvents and other contaminants become trapped in the MOF's holes.
To flush them out, scientists use a combination of vacuum and high temperatures or harmful chemical solvents in a process called "activation".
In their novel technique, RMIT researchers used a microchip to produce high-frequency sound waves.
Co-author and acoustic expert Amgad Rezk said these sound waves, which are not audible to humans, can be used for precision micro- and nano-manufacturing.
"At the nano-scale, sound waves are powerful tools for the meticulous ordering and manoeuvring of atoms and molecules," Rezk said.
The "ingredients" of a MOF -- a metal precursor and a binding organic molecule -- were exposed to the sound waves produced by the microchip.
Using the sound waves to arrange and link these elements together, the researchers were able to create a highly ordered and porous network, while simultaneously "activating" the MOF by pushing out the solvents from the holes.
Lead investigator Leslie Yeo said the new method produces MOFs with empty holes and a high surface area, eliminating the need for post-synthesis "activation".
"Existing techniques usually take a long time from synthesis to activation but our approach not only produces MOFs within a few minutes, they are already activated and ready for direct application," said Yeo, a professor at RMIT.
The researchers successfully tested the approach on copper and iron-based MOFs, with the technique able to be expanded to other MOFs and scaled out for efficient green production of these smart materials.
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