The White House said after a December meeting between Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping in Argentina to deescalate trade frictions that Xi had agreed to designate fentanyl as a controlled substance.
Washington welcomed China's move on April 1 to list all fentanyl-related substances as controlled narcotics, after criticism from President Donald Trump for allowing the synthetic opioid to be shipped to the United States.
The United States is battling an epidemic of opioid-related deaths, and US Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer has said he hopes to include China's commitments to curb the drug in any agreement to end the two countries' bitter trade war.
"This significant development will eliminate Chinese drug traffickers' ability to alter fentanyl compounds to get around the law," the US Drug Enforcement Agency said in a statement.
"We look forward to our continued collaboration with China to reduce the amount of this deadly poison coming into our country," the DEA statement said.
Earlier on April 1, China had announced the expanded control of all fentanyl-related substances at a press conference, even as it blamed US culture for abuse of the drug.
China said the addition of fentanyl-related substances to the supplementary list of controlled narcotic drugs will take effect on May 1. Fentanyl itself and its "analogues" had previously been listed and remain controlled.
The drug in its illegal form has gone by street names, including China White, China Girl, and Dance Fever, according to the US government. It is a highly addictive painkiller many times more potent than morphine.
"Resolved. All resolved," Liu Yuejin, a senior public security ministry official and vice commissioner of the China National Narcotics Control Commission, told reporters when asked if US concerns had been resolved.
But Liu said the amount of fentanyl from China going to the United States was "extremely limited" and that US criticisms of China being the main source of the drug "lack evidence".
"We believe that the United States itself is the main factor in the abuse of fentanyl there," Liu said, adding that American culture was partly to blame.
He said the United States had a long tradition of abusing prescription medicines and that enforcement and education about the dangers were not good enough.
"Some people link drug consumption with freedom, individuality, and liberation," Liu said. "If the United States truly wants to resolve its fentanyl abuse problem, it needs to strengthen its domestic work."
Chinese officials in the past year have vowed to step up cooperation with Washington on illegal drug production and sales, referring to it as a bright spot in relations.
The White House said after a December meeting between Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping in Argentina to deescalate trade frictions that Xi had agreed to designate fentanyl as a controlled substance.
US Representative Chris Smith, a Republican, said enforcement is crucial.
"We have heard soothing but empty rhetoric before from China's leaders ... so we must continue to monitor developments closely and hold Chinese officials and manufacturers accountable if they fail to take decisive action and enforce this new policy," he said in a statement.
Trump has called on China to apply the death penalty for "distributors and pushers" of the synthetic opioid.
The volume of drugs coming into the United States through the mail has grown in step with legitimate online shopping, US customs agents say, as Americans have taken to ordering drugs from overseas via the dark web.
A US congressional probe into the use of fentanyl in the United States found in 2018 that the substance could easily be bought online from Chinese "labs" and mailed to the United States due to gaps in oversight in the US Postal Service.
Such imports of prescription medicines and controlled substances are illegal, and China has become the main source of fentanyl in the United States, the US Department of Justice says.
