Consumer needs are driving the development of integrated mobility systems. Urban environments across the world do not currently offer residents and tourists the travel experiences they desire. The commute from home to work is often stressful and time-consuming, increased congestion can disrupt the best-laid plans, and certain neighbourhoods are underserved by public transit systems. City authorities are seeking to enable networks that encompass a range of transit modes, and private players have stepped into the fray with new solutions. E-scooters, ride-hailing services, car-sharing and city bikes have been introduced as alternatives—or complementary services—to traditional public transport.

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