Aiden Markram in action.(Image: Cricket South Africa)
South Africa have hardly put a foot wrong in the two Tests so far and the scoreline is a fair reflection of how the contest has unfolded. Having already taken a 2-0 lead in the three-match series, the hosts are brimming with confidence and will be eager to make it 3-0 when they face Pakistan in third and final Test at Wanderers in Johannesburg on Friday (January 11).
There are a few forced changes in the South African squad though which might make that task harder. For starters, they will be without their regular captain Faf du Plessis, who has been suspended for one Test for maintaining a slow over-rate in the second Test at Newlands. Opener Dean Elgar, who has led South Africa just once before, back in 2017, has been named stand-in captain.
More than the leadership, South Africa will miss du Plessis the batsman. The 34-year-old, after an underwhelming 2018 started off his new year in style with a fighting century in the second Test and would have harboured hopes of continuing the run.
Apart from du Plessis, Hashim Amla and Aiden Markram are also under an injury cloud for the third Test with both nursing injuries. While Amla was forced to retire hurt during South Africa's second innings after being struck on the elbow by a rising Mohammad Amir delivery, Markram suffered a thigh injury and did not come out to open the innings in the second dig. Markram though has been declared fit for the final Test having passed a fitness test on the eve of the game.
Uncapped Zubayr Hamza is likely to fill in for du Plessis in the middle-order while uncapped batman Pieter Malan too has been added as cover for Markram. Both Hamza and Malan come into the side on the back of a mountain of runs in domestic cricket.
"If given the chance that would be great, I have really enjoyed my time so far, the training has been intense and everyone has been welcoming. I have felt comfortable in the team surrounding, if given the chance I am looking forward to it. There is a lot of excitement at the moment," Hamza had said ahead of the Test.
While there might be changes in the batting order, the bowling looks as strong as ever. All of Dale Steyn, Kagiso Rabada, Vernon Philander and Duanne Olivier have played a role in the series and with the Wanderers surface likely to aid pacers, the quartet will be looking to carry on with the good work. South Africa went without a spinner in Cape Town and it remains to be seen if they continue with that tactic.
For Pakistan, this has so far been a tough tour. No Asian side has had things easy in South Africa and Pakistan have suffered the same fate. The bowlers have done a fair job in the two Tests but a four-bowler strategy coupled with the failure of some of their key batsmen has brought about their downfall.
The bowlers did exceedingly well in the first Test but in the second were thwarted by a staunch Du Plessis and Temba Bavuma, both of who took the game away from the visitors. But, the major issue so far in the series has been the batting.
While there have been individual shades of brilliance, collectively Pakistan have failed to fire as a batting unit. Shan Masood and Babar Azam are the only ones that have looked solid against the South African bowlers but the big hundreds have still been missing. Asad Shafiq too scored a half-century in the second innings of the Newlands Test but it has been the collective fight which has been lacking.
With just one game to go, Pakistan will be keen to sign off on a high and build some momentum with the ODI series on the horizon. Imam ul Haq said that they were looking to draw inspiration from their sub-continental neighbours India, who despite losing the first two Tests early last year went on to win the final Test which incidentally was also played in Johannesburg.
“India despite also losing the series, won the Johannesburg Test so that gives us some inspiration," he said."The wickets are so difficult here, it’s very hard to start. As a batting unit we’re feeling a bit more confident because some of the batsmen have some runs to their name."
The surface at Wanderers has traditionally been excellent for the pacers and it is expected to behave no different this time around as well. The temperatures have been on the lower side in Johannesburg and there are a few thunderstorms on the radar though they are unlikely to affect the game.
Squads
South Africa: Dean Elgar (c), Hashim Amla, Temba Bavuma, Theunis de Bruyn, Quinton de Kock, Zubayr Hamza, Pieter Malan, Keshav Maharaj, Aiden Markram, Duanne Olivier, Kagiso Rabada, Dale Steyn, Dane Paterson, Vernon Philander
Pakistan: Imam-ul-Haq, Fakhar Zaman, Azhar Ali, Shan Masood, Haris Sohail, Asad Shafiq, Babar Azam, Sarfraz Ahmed (c), Mohammad Rizwan, Yasir Shah, Shadab Khan, Mohammad Abbas, Hasan Ali, Mohammad Amir, Faheem Ashraf, Shaheen Afridi.
Commentary (South Africa innings)
21.4 F Ashraf to Markram, No run. 85/1
21.3 F Ashraf to Markram, A touch short and around off, Aiden is on the back foot as he taps it down on the off side. 85/1
21.2 F Ashraf to Markram, Fullish and outside off, skidding off the surface, Markram takes his front leg forward and then makes a leave. 85/1
21.1 F Ashraf to Amla, Shortish on off, Amla punches it in the gap at covers. The point fielder runs across to his right to stop the ball and they cross. 85/1
20.6 M Amir to Markram, Lands it on a length around middle, Markram defends it by covering the line. 84/1
20.5 M Amir to Markram, FOUR! No margin for error on this pitch! Fractionally short and around leg, Markram picks it off his pads and flicks it past the square leg umpire for a boundary. Timing and placement, both top notch. 84/1
Aiden Markram pulls out at the last second. Maybe, some sightscreen issue. Amir will have to reload.
20.4 M Amir to Amla, The batsman works it down the leg side. They pick up a single. 80/1
20.3 M Amir to Amla, A touch short and on off, Amla defends it easily off his back foot. 79/1
20.2 M Amir to Amla, Closer to the off stump this time. On a good length, Amla stays on the back foot again as he defends it to the off side. 79/1
20.1 M Amir to Amla, Slants across a length delivery outside off, a comfortable leave for Hashim who just sticks back inside the crease and sees it through. 79/1
19.6 F Ashraf to Markram, Nice punch off the back foot. A good length delivery on off, Aiden pierces the gap at covers and collects a couple of runs. Easy going. This partnership is worth 73 now. 79/1
19.5 F Ashraf to Markram, A length ball outside off, Aiden gets forward and defends it to the off side. 77/1
19.4 F Ashraf to Markram, Shortish and on middle, Markram gets back and plays it down to mid on. 77/1
19.3 F Ashraf to Markram, The batsman defends it from within the crease. 77/1
19.2 F Ashraf to A Markram, FOUR! Lovely shot! Just a push off the front foot but it has been timed superbly. Ashraf serves it on a fuller length outside off, Markram strides forward and strokes it through extra cover. Brings up his 5th Test fifty, just loves playing at this ground, he averages in the 60s at Jo'burg. 77/1
19.1 F Ashraf to Markram, Fractionally short and on off, Markram goes on the back foot and punches it back to the bowler. 73/1
18.6 M Amir to Amla, Nice delivery. Angling across Amla, around off and holding its line. The batsman takes a stride forward to cover his stumps and then shoulders arms. 73/1
18.5 M Amir to Markram, Inside edge again. Fullish and on middle, Markram attempts to flick it in front of square leg but it gathers the inside edge and runs through backward square leg for a run. 73/1
18.4 M Amir to Markram, Gets behind the line of the delivery and defends it on the leg side. 72/1
18.3 M Amir to Markram, Full and on middle, defended back off his front foot. 72/1
18.2 M Amir to Markram, Good length ball on middle and off, Markram goes on his toes as he plays it down to mid-wicket. 72/1
18.1 M Amir to Markram, Full in length around leg, Markram plays it straight off his pads towards mid on. 72/1
Mohammad Amir is back on.
17.6 F Ashraf to Amla, Great stop, Imam! Fullish and outside off, Amla plays a full-blooded square drive but Imam stationed at point dives full length to his left to stop the racing ball. Superb effort, something Sarfraz likes to see from his boys. 72/1
17.5 F Ashraf to Amla, Full and outside off, Amla defends it by getting forward. 72/1
17.4 F Ashraf to Amla, Amla has defended it by getting right behind the line of the delivery. 72/1
17.3 F Ashraf to Amla, Nearly carries to third slip. Ashraf serves it on a length around off, Amla pushes inside the line with gentle hands again and this time it takes the outside edge. It though dies down quickly in front of Shadab. 72/1
17.2 F Ashraf to Amla, Defended off the front foot by the batsman presenting the full face of the bat. 72/1
17.1 F Ashraf to Amla, Good length ball on off, defended back. 72/1
17.1 F Ashraf to Amla, FOUR! Soft hands! A length ball outside off, Amla decides to stay back and pushes at it with an angled bat. He places it through the gap between gully and slips as it races away. It's also called a no ball for overstepping. Looking at the replays, it's a bit touch and go. 72/1
16.6 H Ali to Markram, FOUR! My goodness, that's a great shot! This one is neither short nor full, Markram stays back and plays a short-arm jab through mid-wicket. A kind of shot that's difficult to play but the batsmen love to execute it. 67/1
16.5 H Ali to Markram, Bouncer! The batsman does well to evade it. 63/1
16.4 H Ali to Markram, Stays back-footed to a short ball and punches it down to cover-point. 63/1
16.3 H Ali to Amla, Good shot! Hasan angles in a length ball and Amla just pushes it back with a straight bat. It races behind and by the time the mid off fielder pulls it back, they take three runs. 63/1
16.2 H Ali to Markram, Not in control. Fuller and on middle, Markram tries to flick but it takes the inner half of his willow and travels to deep mid-wicket. There is a fielder stationed there already and hence only a run results. 60/1
16.1 H Ali to Amla, Fuller length ball on middle, it's clipped through backward square leg for a run. 59/1
15.6 F Ashraf to A Markram, Similar good length on that fifth stump line. Markram looks to leave it but it late in getting his bat high. The ball takes the bottom edge of the bat and dies down. Maiden from Ashraf and two good overs back-to-back. 58/1
15.5 F Ashraf to Markram, Length outside off, left alone by Markram. 58/1
15.4 F Ashraf to Markram, A tad fuller this outside off, Markram pushes it to the off side. 58/1
15.3 F Ashraf to Markram, An appeal which dies down. Good length ball on off, moves a bit away after pitching. Markram looks to play it with a straight bat but misses. Hits his back leg and Pakistan appeal. Nothing from the umpire. 58/1
15.2 F Ashraf to Markram, This one is a bit back. On a good length on top of off, Adien stands tall and bunts it down. 58/1
15.1 F Ashraf to Markram, Full and in line of the stumps, Markram gets behind it and blocks it well. 58/1
14.6 H Ali to Amla, On a length and outside off, left alone by Amla to end the over. 58/1
14.5 H Ali to Markram, Sarfraz ain't happy! Ali angles in a full ball on middle, Aiden closes the face of the bat and bunts it towards mid on. The fielder there is a bit lazy in reacting as the batsmen pinch a single. The Pakistan skipper screams in anguish. 58/1
14.4 H Ali to Markram, Beauty by Hasan! He hurls across a fuller length ball outside off at 140 kph and it nips back in after landing. Markram tries to drive through the line but is beaten on the inside edge. There is certainly some spice in the surface and Pakistan have failed to utilize it so far. 57/1
14.3 H Ali to Markram, Bouncer! The batsman ducks under it at the last moment. 57/1
14.2 H Ali to Amla, Back of a length delivery on off, Amla camps back and punches it in front of square on the off side. Three added to the total as the fielder pulls it back just before the rope. 50-run stand comes up. 57/1
14.1 H Ali to Amla, Appeal for an lbw! Not given. A good length ball on off, shaping back in with extra bounce, Amla fails to keep it out and is hit on the flap of the front pad. Looked high as the umpire shook his head. 54/1
Drinks break. Done with the first hour of this Test match and South Africa have already moved to 54 for the loss of Dean Elgar's wicket. Apart from that moment in the second over, the Protea batsmen have looked at ease, especially Aiden Markram. He has raced to 39 and is batting with a strike rate of 75 at the moment. Hashim Amla has been more watchful though. For Pakistan, their pacers have been largely ineffective as they have not hit the right areas consistently. They need pull up their socks quickly and get it right in the next hour.
13.6 F Ashraf to Markram, Uses his crease this time, the bowler. Goes wide of the crease as he lets in a length ball on off, Markram blocks it safely. 54/1
13.5 F Ashraf to Markram, Full and on off, angling in at 135 kph, Aiden is forward in defense. 54/1
13.4 F Ashraf to Markram, Markram shows the full face of the bat and defends the ball off the back foot. 54/1
13.3 F Ashraf to Markram, Around off, punched off the back foot to covers this time. 54/1
13.2 F Ashraf to A Markram, FOUR! That's aerial and inches away from the diving gully fielder. Back of a length ball around off, Markram goes back to punch it through covers but it catches the outside edge speeds away to the fence. Amla walks up to his partner and probably has a word of advice for Markram. 54/1
13.1 F Ashraf to A Markram, Good length ball just outside off, at 130 kph, Markram stays back and taps it down to gully. 50/1
Faheem Ashraf is introduced into the attack.
12.6 H Ali to Amla, FOUR! It appears Hasan Ali is more concerned about his foot landing in the danger area than where his ball is landing. It's nice and full outside off, this time Amla accepts the invitation and crunches his drive through covers. 50 up for South Africa. 50/1
12.5 H Ali to H Amla, Fullish and on off, Amla drives it down the ground but straight to mid off. It's a conscious effort by Hasan Ali to stay away from the danger area. 46/1
12.4 H Ali to Amla, Good length ball targeting the top of off stump, Amla punches it from the crease but finds the cover fielder. 46/1
12.3 H Ali to Amla, An inviting delivery outside off, Amla declines the offer of playing a drive off the front foot. He just remains back and allows it through to Sarfraz. 46/1
12.2 H Ali to Markram, Lands it on a length and just outside off, Aiden stays back inside the crease and gently plays it down in the gap at covers. A single is pinched. All too easy for South Africa currently. 46/1
12.1 H Ali to Markram, Pitches it up and around off, Markram defends it back by showing the full face of his bat. 45/1
11.6 M Abbas to Amla, Abbas puts it on a full length on off, Amla is half-forward in his defense. 45/1
11.5 M Abbas to Amla, Good length ball on off, this time Amla blocks it from the crease to the off side. 45/1
11.4 M Abbas to Amla, Full and on off, shaping back in, Amla allows it to come back in and then dead-bats it. Abbas' plan is to keep it full and around off and let Hashim play as many balls as possible by getting forward. 45/1
11.3 M Abbas to Amla, Amla has played that off the front foot and into the ground. 45/1
11.2 M Abbas to Amla, Angles in a fuller length ball outside off, Amla is watchful in his defense once more. 45/1
11.1 M Abbas to Amla, A length ball around off, Hashim is watchful in his defense. The way Markram is batting, it must be taking the pressure away from Amla. He can spend some time in the middle without thinking too much about scoring runs. Settle down first and then make merry. 45/1
10.6 H Ali to A Markram, That's the length. Hasan needs to hit this area more. Drops it on a good length around off and gets it to shape back in. Markram fails to defend but is hit high on the pads. Some inside edge also. 45/1
10.6 H Ali to Markram, Wide called for height! A bouncer has gone all wrong. It travels well over the head of the batsman. 45/1
10.5 H Ali to A Markram, FOUR! This is T20 stuff! Hasan digs in a short delivery, Markram trusts the bounce, fetches it from outside off and powers his pull shot to the deep mid-wicket fence. Early struggle for Pakistan. 12 from the over, so far. 44/1
10.4 H Ali to Markram, A hint of inward shape from a length outside off, Aiden defends it near his front pad. 40/1
10.3 H Ali to Markram, Fuller and on off, driven back to the bowler. 40/1
10.2 H Ali to Markram, FOUR! And again. Back of a length delivery outside off, once again Markram is quick to ride the bounce as he punches it past point for a boundary. 40/1
10.1 H Ali to Markram, FOUR! Shot! A touch short and outside off, Markram gets on top of the bounce and punches it sweetly behind point for a boundary. Good start to the over. 36/1
9.6 M Abbas to Markram, A length ball on off, cutting back in, Markram inside edges his attempted shot and it goes behind square leg for a run. We're done with the first 10 overs of the match and there hasn't been too much on offer for the bowlers. There is movement for the new ball but nothing very dangerous. Apart from losing Dean Elgar, South Africa have largely looked unperturbed. 32/1
9.5 M Abbas to Markram, Full and angling in around off, a little bit of swing there, Markram presents a straight bat in defense. Good contest going on. Just putting it there and waiting for the batsman to err in his shot selection. 31/1
9.4 M Abbas to Markram, Defended off the front foot by the batsman presenting the full face of the bat. 31/1
9.3 M Abbas to Amla, This one is on the pads and Amla has easily flicked it in the gap at mid-wicket for a run. 31/1
9.2 M Abbas to Amla, Pitches it up and outside off, Amla is on the front foot as he defends it to the off side. Hashim doesn't look too comfortable whenever he is drawn forward. 30/1
9.1 M Abbas to Amla, Full and angling in around off, straightening a bit after pitching, Amla defends it from the outer half of his bat to point. 30/1
8.6 H Ali to Markram, Aiden has defended it by getting right behind the line of the delivery. 30/1
8.5 H Ali to Markram, FOUR! Quality shot from a promising young man. Hasan Ali pitches it up and outside off, Markram confidently gets on the front foot and nails his cover drive for a boundary. 30/1
8.4 H Ali to Markram, A length ball on middle, straighter in line again, Markram pushes it towards wide mid on. 26/1
8.3 H Ali to Markram, Fuller in length on middle at 135 kph, Markram gets forward and works it off his pads to the leg side. Not in the gap though at mid-wicket. 26/1
8.2 H Ali to Markram, The batsman lets the ball go outside his off stump. 26/1
8.1 H Ali to Markram, In the channel outside off, Markram leaves it easily. 26/1
Hasan Ali has the ball in his hand.
7.6 M Abbas to Markram, Stays back and plays it down in the gap at covers for a quick single. 11 from the over, South Africa going on nicely. 26/1
7.5 M Abbas to Markram, Back of a length delivery around off, nipping back in and staying low too, Markram tries to defend but gets an inside edge onto the pads. 25/1
7.4 M Abbas to Markram, FOUR! A short delivery at a gentle pace isn't a good idea but it almost worked. Abbas just wanted to surprise the batsman by altering his length. He puts it around off and Aiden immediately goes for the pull shot. Fails to middle it and ends up top edging it behind to fine leg for a boundary. 25/1
7.3 M Abbas to A Markram, Edgy! Full and outside off, moving away a bit, Markram tries to defend but it takes a soft outside edge and rolls past gully for a couple. 21/1
7.2 M Abbas to A Markram, FOUR! Cracking shot! Abbas overpitches outside off at 124 kph, Markram takes a big stride forward and drives it delightfully through covers for a boundary. The pace is too gentle here from Abbas, allowing the batsman to adjust. 19/1
7.1 M Abbas to Markram, Full and on off, angling in at 127 kph, Markram draws forward ind defense. 15/1
6.6 M Amir to Amla, Good length delivery angling away from the batsman, it's outside off and Hashim lets it through to the keeper. 15/1
6.5 M Amir to Amla, A real teaser around off, Amla makes a good leave. Looking a bit tentative whenever he has to press forward. 15/1
6.4 M Amir to Markram, Nearly a catch at short leg! Good length delivery on middle, too straight in line, Markram rotates his wrists and flicks it uppishly past Shan Masood. It speeds away and Abbas also sprints across to his left from fine leg. Uses his boot to keep it out just before the rope and the umpire finds it a clean effort after consulting it upstairs. Three added to the total. 15/1
6.3 M Amir to Markram, The batsman lets the ball go outside his off stump. 12/1
6.2 M Amir to Markram, A bit like the last delivery, this time Markram gets on top of the bounce and plays it down to short leg. Shan Masood keeps his eyes on the ball and collects it on one bounce. Good quality to possess for a bat-pad position. 12/1
6.1 M Amir to Markram, Extra bounce on this occasion. Jumping onto the batsman from a shortish length on middle. Markram tries to play it out but fails and takes a blow on his body, near the stomach area. 12/1
5.6 M Abbas to Amla, A length ball on off, Hashim walks across the stumps in his stance and defends it on the leg side. 12/1
5.5 M Abbas to Amla, Puts it on a fuller length on off, Amla gets forward and across before blocking it with a dead straight bat. Not shuffling across too much like he used to, has worked on his technique it appears. 12/1
5.4 M Abbas to Amla, An easier leave on this occasion. Full and outside off, trying to tempt the batsman into a drive, Amla is patient enough to allow it through. 12/1
5.3 M Abbas to Amla, Good leave. Abbas takes a length ball into the batsman with the angle and then it straightens after landing just outside off. Amla covers his stumps by shuffling across and then shoulders arms. 12/1
5.2 M Abbas to Amla, Nice and full around off, Amla gets forward and quietly defends it near his front pad. 12/1
5.1 M Abbas to Amla, On a length and outside off, Amla gets forward with a tentative front foot movement and then defends it to the off side. 12/1
4.6 M Amir to Markram, Good line from Amir. Keeps it full and around off, Markram also is quite confident in his front foot defense. 12/1
4.5 M Amir to Markram, Fails to work it around the corner. This one is served on his pads, Markram tries tucking it on the leg side but fails to middle his shot. 12/1
4.4 M Amir to Markram, Identical to the last delivery, this time Aiden pushes his weight on the back leg and pats it down towards point. 12/1
4.3 M Amir to Markram, Just ahead of a length this time, angling across the right-hander, it's around off and Markram is on the front foot in his defense. 12/1
4.2 M Amir to Markram, A length ball on middle and off, Markram gets on the back foot and defends it towards the bowler. 12/1
4.1 M Amir to Markram, Bouncer around leg, Markram ducks underneath it. 12/1
3.6 M Abbas to Markram, Gentle hands. Goes back to a length ball and taps it down in the gap at covers for a quick single. 12/1
3.5 M Abbas to Markram, Markram has played that off the front foot and into the ground. 11/1
3.4 M Abbas to Markram, On a length around off, Markram stays back to play it down towards point. 11/1
3.3 M Abbas to Amla, This one is fuller and on the pads, Amla turns it off his pads behind square leg for one. 11/1
3.2 M Abbas to Amla, Amla has defended it by getting right behind the line of the delivery. 10/1
3.1 M Abbas to Amla, Shortish on off, punched to sweeper cover for a brace. Amla is off the mark. 10/1
2.6 M Amir to Markram, Fuller length ball moving back into the batsman, Markram defends it to end the over. 8/1
2.5 M Amir to Markram, Chance goes down begging! In and out of short leg's hands! Shan Masood is the culprit. Good length ball on middle, Aiden plays the flick shot but fails to keep it down. Also, he has played it straight to Masood who reacts late. It hits him on the right hand (near the elbow), ricochets on his body and then goes down. Nervy period for Aiden. 8/1
2.4 M Amir to Markram, A length ball on middle and off, Markram firmly gets behind the line and defends. 8/1
2.3 M Amir to Markram, A touch short around off, Markram rocks back inside the crease and punches it through covers for a couple of runs. 8/1
2.2 M Amir to Markram, Full and wide outside off, Aiden shoulders arms. 6/1
2.1 M Amir to Markram, Goes back to get on top of the bounce of a length delivery and plays it down to covers. 6/1
1.6 M Abbas to Amla, Another front foot defense by Amla, a watchful one by him to end a successful over for Pakistan. 6/1
1.5 M Abbas to Amla, Right on the money for the new batsman. Slants in a length ball on off, Amla is on the front foot in defense. 6/1
Hashim Amla walks in next at number 3.
1.4 M Abbas to Elgar, OUT! There you go! Excellent delivery by Abbas and he has hunted down the stand-in skipper. Angles across a good length delivery outside off, Elgar has his feet glued to the crease as he hangs his bat out tentatively. It catches a thin outside edge and goes into the safe gloves of Sarfraz. Usually, Dean is a very patient batsman but his patience lasted only two balls, left the previous ones and edged the third. Early success for Pakistan and it's a big one too. 6/1
1.3 M Abbas to Elgar, Outside off, left alone. 6/0
1.2 M Abbas to Elgar, Lets the ball go outside his off stump. 6/0
1.1 M Abbas to D Elgar, FOUR! Full and outside off, Elgar gets forward to reach out for it and then drives it down through mid off for the first boundary of this Test match. 6/0
Mohammad Abbas to operate from the other end.
0.6 M Amir to Markram, On a length and around off, Markram gets forward and pushes it with an angled bat to point. 2/0
0.5 M Amir to Markram, Left alone. This time Amir takes a length delivery away with the angle. It's around off and Markram leaves it on merit. 2/0
0.4 M Amir to Markram, A hint of inward swing this time into the right-hander, Markram stays back and defends it in front of short leg. 2/0
0.3 M Amir to Elgar, Gets full and outside off, Dean gets forward and pushes it gently in the gap at covers for a run. 2/0
0.2 M Amir to Elgar, Angles away a length delivery outside off, Elgar watches the line closely and makes a leave. 1/0
0.1 M Amir to Markram, Starts with a good length delivery on middle, a hint of shape and bounce, Markram fails to work it around and it goes off his pads towards backward square leg. They cross. 1/0