By Karen Lema and Martin Petty
Duterte left Beijing in 2016 with $24 billion of Chinese loans and investment pledges for his ambitious infrastructure overhaul, a few weeks after saying the Philippines was being treated like a dog by Washington and would be better off with China.
But only a fraction of China's pledged support has materialised, exposing Duturte to criticisms he has been complicit in allowing China to pose threats to Philippines' sovereignty, and been left high and dry by Beijing.
When Xi Jinping visits the Philippines this week, Duterte will need the Chinese president to put his money where his mouth is and help Duterte justify his geopolitical concessions to a historic rival, according to Richard Heydarian, a Manila-based defence and security analyst.
"Otherwise, we can definitely conclude that there's really nothing much in the rhetoric and the Philippines has been taken for a ride," Heydarian said.
"Duterte's naivety with China has been a slam dunk strategic coup for China, no doubt about it."
Philippine's Budget Secretary Benjamin Diokno said it would be unreasonable to expect all the Chinese pledges to come through after only two years, but officials were hopeful intervention by Xi after his visit could help.
"We're very optimistic this will, their head of state, will pressure their bureaucracy to speed up the process," he said last week.
Duterte's signature "Build, Build, Build" infrastructure programme, the centrepiece of his economic strategy, involves 75 flagship projects of which about half are earmarked for Chinese loans, grants or investments.
But according to publicly available Philippine government documents reviewed by Reuters, only three of those - two bridges and an irrigation facility worth a combined $167 million - have so far broken ground.
The rest, including three rail projects, three highways and nine bridges, are at various levels of planning and budgeting, or are awaiting Chinese government approval for financing, or the nomination of Chinese contractors.
'POSITIVE RESULTS'
China's foreign ministry said major projects agreed by both sides "are proceeding smoothly and continue to achieve positive results". China wanted to boost trade and investment and "promote the early commencement of building of even more agreed upon projects," the ministry said in a statement to Reuters.
Chinese committed investments in the Philippines in the first half of this year were just $33 million, about 40 percent of that of the United States and about a seventh of Japan's, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority, tracking a similar trend the previous year.
Trade between China and the Philippines has picked up significantly, but data suggests mostly in China's favour.
Chinese exports to the Philippines grew 26 percent in the first nine months of 2017 from the same period a year earlier, outpacing its imports from Manila, which grew 9.8 percent.
Net foreign direct investment from China has, however, surged to $181 million for the first eight months of this year, from $28.8 million for all of 2017, according to the Philippine central bank.
PRESSURE NEEDED
Duterte has made a point of praising China effusively and confessing his "love" for Xi. He even jokingly offered his country to Beijing as "a province of China".
Many ordinary Filipinos as well as international lawyers and diplomats are incensed by Duterte's refusal to even raise with China the Permanent Court of Arbitration's (PCA) 2016 award that ruled in the Philippines' favour, and invalidated Beijing's claim to most of the South China Sea.
Instead, Duterte is seeking an agreement with China to jointly explore offshore gas at the disputed Reed Bank in the resource-rich and strategic waterway. Some lawmakers fear that could be tantamount to recognising Beijing's claim to a site that the PCA ruling said China has no sovereign rights to under international law.
Duterte has also been against Southeast Asian countries taking a united stand against China militarisation and at a regional summit last week, he warned against causing friction, because the South China Sea was "now in their (China's) hands".
Heydarian said if Duterte was unable to show an economic dividend from his China gambit, it could weaken his hand ahead of 2019 mid-term elections that might determine the success or failure of his presidency.
To stand a chance of delivering on his policy agenda, Duterte needs his allies to command a majority in Congress and the Senate to ensure key legislation is passed to enable reforms aimed at generating revenue, attracting investment and creating higher-quality jobs.
"If after Xi Jinping's visit, there's still no big move by China to invest in the Philippines, if China's militarisation and reclamation will just continue unabated, you're going to have a situation where Duterte will come under extreme pressure," he said.
"The opposition is going to use that to pin down Duterte and his allies as Chinese lackeys."
(Additional reporting by Neil Jerome Morales in MANILA and Ben Blanchard in BEIJING; Editing by)
(This story has not been edited by Business Standard staff and is auto-generated from a syndicated feed.)