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More and more research shows spanking triggers long-term psychological harms
On Monday, the American Academy of Pediatrics updated its 1998 policy to reflect the new research
Previously, the AAP said parents should be 'encouraged' not to spank
Now, the group says parents should not spank, hit, slap, threaten, insult, humiliate or shame their children

Published: 11:57 EST, 5 November 2018 | Updated: 14:43 EST, 5 November 2018

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The nation's leading pediatricians' group has strengthened its advice against spanking and other physical punishment because of the potential for long-term harm.

In an updated policy released Monday, the American Academy of Pediatrics says that can include aggression, brain changes, substance abuse and suicidal behavior in adulthood.

Previously, the AAP's 1998 discipline policy said parents should be 'encouraged' not to spank.

Now, the group says parents should not spank, hit, slap, threaten, insult, humiliate or shame their children. Instead, they should find 'healthy' forms of discipline.

Studies published in the past two decades have bolstered evidence that spanking can make young kids more aggressive and suicidal (archival image)

The academy says research since its 1998 discipline policy led to the update.

It says spanking is falling out of favor among parents, especially those with young children.

While some parents still believe it can lead to short-term improvements in behavior, studies show spanking is no more effective than non-physical punishment, including timeouts, setting firm limits and establishing unwanted consequences.

The group also suggests putting favorite toys away or reducing screen time.

'Although many children who were spanked become happy, healthy adults, current evidence suggests that spanking is not necessary and may result in long-term harm' the academy advises.

Studies published in the past two decades have bolstered evidence that spanking can make young kids more aggressive and defiant.

Other studies have linked physical punishment in childhood with later brain changes in young adults including reduced gray matter and elevated levels of stress hormones.

Suicidal behavior, substance abuse and anger are among other potential long-term consequences of spanking, studies have suggested.

The academy also warns against harsh verbal abuse including shaming kids, citing research linking it with depression and behavior problems in teens.