Mumbai, Aug 3 (IndiaSpend/IANS) Smokers and non-smokers now represent an equal number of lung-cancer patients, according to a study carried out by the Lung Care Foundation, a not-for-profit organisation focused on improving lung health in India.
Health professionals now believe there is strong evidence that points to the role of air pollution in the increasing incidence of lung cancer amongst the young and female populations.
"This is the first time I have seen this 1:1 ratio of smokers to non-smokers suffering from lung cancer," Arvind Kumar, Chairman, Centre for Chest Surgery, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, told IndiaSpend. "Looking at this data, the obvious reason that comes to mind is air pollution, which contains smoke and PM 2.5."
PM 2.5 is particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in size, or 30 times finer than a human hair, which, when inhaled deeply into the lungs is known to cause lung cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Outdoor pollution was classified as a cancer-causing agent in 2013 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a part of the World Health Organisation.
In November 2017, a public-health emergency was declared by the Indian Medical Association in Delhi as the air quality index breached 999, likened to smoking 50 cigarettes a day.
Currently, lung cancer is responsible for five deaths per 1,000 in India (seven per 1,000 in Delhi, a city that regularly experiences high levels of air pollution) and is accompanied by a survival rate of no more than five years.
The effects of air pollution on respiratory and lung health -- typically associated with decades of smoking tobacco and tobacco-related products -- have become a growing focus for medical researchers and health workers, as awareness of health hazards amongst the public has risen.
In 2013, an eight-year-old girl in China became the youngest person in that country, and possibly the world, to be diagnosed with lung cancer, as a result of exposure to polluted air. She lived beside a busy road and was over-exposed to PM 2.5.
Nearly 21 per cent of patients analysed in the new study are under 50 years old. Of this group, five out of 31 patients are between 21 and 30 years of age, representing 3.3 per cent of the total patient group.
Compare this to 70 years ago, when the proportion of cancer patients under 30 was 2.5 per cent, according to a study conducted across 15 teaching hospitals between 1955-59.
Lung cancer is typically associated with older patients, since the harmful chemicals found in cigarettes cause damage to cellular DNA over time, reducing the body's ability to prevent the formation of cancerous cells. In the US, 82 per cent of all lung cancer patients are over 60 years of age and most are diagnosed at Stage III or IV of the disease.
The number of women contracting the disease appears to be increasing, data show. The male to female ratio of lung cancer patients went from 6.7:1 between 1958-85, to 3.8:1 between 2012-18.
In 2012, 3.2 per cent of women were smokers compared to a 23 per cent prevalence among men, according to a study at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington. Women are also less likely to be exposed to work environments which can increase the chances of developing cancer, such as mines and construction sites.
The increasing numbers of non-smokers now suffering from lung cancer, is another "disturbing trend" that points to factors beyond smoking tobacco as being the primary cause.
Of the total 150 patients surveyed, 50 per cent or 74 were non-smokers (meaning they had never smoked in their life). The proportion of non-smokers rose to 70 per cent among the younger age category (ie, less than 50 years old).
Among the reasons given in the study for non-smokers contracting lung cancer were exposure to radiation and asbestos and occupational hazards attached to mining, in addition to environmental factors such as heavy air pollution.
Lower numbers of patients suffering from squamous cell carcinoma (59) compared to adeno carcinoma (80) is a further indication of the link between increasing lung cancer and polluted air.
"Typically smoking used to cause squamous cell carcinoma, but we now see an increase in women and younger people with mostly adeno carcinoma (AC) and this shows their cases are not related to smoking, but pollution," said Kumar.
AC is the most common form of cancer among non-smokers and increasing levels of ambient PM 2.5 have been proven to be associated with increasing incidence of AC, according to this 2016 paper in the European Respiratory Journal.
High 24-hour average levels of PM 2.5 is now a year-round problem for the national capital, with residents experiencing zero days of good quality air between March-May 2018.
Increased levels of lung cancer in the 20-30 age group and high prevalence of the AC pathology point towards a looming epidemic, the study warned. Late detection and misdiagnosis as tuberculosis are further aggravating the situation.
However, prevention and early detection is possible. Currently 70-80 per cent of patients are diagnosed at stage III and IV, and health professionals are calling for more screening and diagnosis to take place at stage I instead.
A cancer's "stage" refers to its size and the extent to which it has spread, and it helps determine the level of treatment. At stage I, the cancer is between 3-4 cm, growing up to 5 cm at stage 2. From stage 3, the cancer begins to spread to the lymph nodes (important for immune response function) and at stage 4, the cancer may be present in both lungs or have had spread to other organs in the body.
"We hope studies like this will help us in going to the government and convincing them this is a public health emergency," said Kumar.
The decision on whether to ban firecrackers -- which emit PM 2.5 and contribute to heavy levels of pollutants in the air -- during Diwali was heard in the Supreme Court on World Lung Cancer Day, August 1. The case is now listed for concluding arguments on August 8.
(In arrangement with IndiaSpend.org, a data-driven, non-profit, public interest journalism platform, with whom Tish Sanghera, a graduate of King's College London, is an intern. The views expressed are those of IndiaSpend. Feedback at respond@indiaspend.org)
--IANS
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