Xinjiang, formerly known as Sinkiang, is home to 47 ethnic groups, every major religion of the world, and the descendants of four ancient civilisations: Greek, Chinese, Indian and Mesopotamian.
China’s Qing dynasty reclaimed control of the western regions in 1884, and post-Revolution in 1949 the Communist People’s Republic of China incorporated Xinjiang, with a 90% ethnic Muslim population, into China. Since then, as the Chinese majority Han population has grown from 6% to 41% (2010 Census), Uighur Muslims have dropped to 45%.
With its geographical position and climate benefits, Xinjiang has the most to offer China's grand $1 trillion Belt and Road Initiative. Yet, with its relatively poorer economic position, deep ethnic tensions and security situation, it could also contribute the most number of problems to the initiative.
Here are some glimpses into the region that is China’s greatest hope and biggest worry, provided by The Hindu's Diplomatic Affairs editor Suhasini Haidar, who visited the region.