Image copyright
Reuters
A Spanish court has jailed five men for sexually abusing a young woman during the famous San Fermin bull-running festival but acquitted them of rape.
All five were sentenced to nine years in prison for their part in the attack, which they filmed, during the festival in Pamplona in July 2016.
The 18-year-old victim's ordeal caused a national outcry, and protests continued outside the court.
Both the woman and the defendants say they will appeal against the verdict.
"It's rape, not abuse," demonstrators said outside the court. Several rallies have been called across Spain against the verdict and in support of the victim.
The five, in their late 20s and originally from Seville, and the victim, from Madrid, were not present when the judgement was read out after a five-month trial, which was held behind closed doors to protect the woman's identity.
Under Spanish law, the charge of sexual abuse differs from rape in that it does not involve violence or intimidation.
The men, who have been in custody since 2016, have also been ordered to pay the woman €50,000 ($61,000; £43,500) in compensation.
What was the case against them?
Videos of the late-night encounter between the men and the young woman showed how the five men had wandered the streets among other drunken revellers before two of them led her into a basement by the hand.
According to a police report, the men - who belonged to a WhatsApp group called La manada (wolf pack) - surrounded the woman in a small alcove, removed her clothes and had unprotected sex.
Some of them filmed the sexual act on their phones - there were seven videos, totalling 96 seconds. One of the men posted messages in a WhatsApp group celebrating what they had done and promising to share the recording.
According to the police report, the victim maintained a "passive or neutral" attitude throughout the scene, keeping her eyes closed at all times. Her phone was then stolen.
She was found in a reportedly distraught state by a couple in the street outside the scene of the attack. She told the trial she was still having psychological treatment to deal with trauma.
Some of the men were found to be in a video in which they apparently abused another woman, who seemed to be unconscious.
Spain's #MeToo moment
By James Badcock, Madrid
The "wolf pack" case has been Spain's #MeToo over the past two years, with thousands of supporters of the victim uniting under the slogan Yo te creo (I believe you).
The shocking nature of the group abuse, the youth of the victim and the obnoxious celebratory messages about their "conquest" on their WhatsApp chat combined to make the case fertile fodder for black-and-white public opinion.
That the two majority verdict judges have chosen to see shades of grey by not interpreting the criminals' acts as violent or intimidatory will fuel indignant criticism from feminist groups.
Several leading left-wing politicians have already questioned the verdict. The apparent certainty of an appeal hearing means the debate over whether the law protects women will continue.
Who are the men?
- José Ángel Prenda, 28: considered the leader of the five, wrote a message in the WhatsApp group about the video showing them having sex with the woman. He had been sentenced to two years in prison in 2011 for theft with force
- Antonio Manuel Guerrero: a Civil Guard police officer, born in 1989, is thought to have recorded six videos. He also admitted to stealing the victim's phone
- Ángel Boza, 26: his criminal records include theft with force and driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs
- Alfonso Jesús Cabezuelo, 29: a military officer, is thought to have recorded one video
- Jesús Escudero, 27: a hairdresser
What has the reaction been?
Women rights groups and many politicians reacted angrily with Spain's Deputy Prime Minister Soraya Sáenz de Santamaría calling on officials to analyse the verdict and study actions to avoid similar cases from happening.
UN Women programme director María Noel Vaeza said this was a "lost opportunity", El País newspaper reports (in Spanish), urging an end to the "social impunity [in cases of] rape".
Altamira Gonzalo, vice-president of Themis, a Spanish organisation of women jurists, told Efe news agency: "It should have been a courageous sentence. The courts can't be so distant from society".
The victim's lawyer said he was "disappointed" while lawyers for the five men said they would appeal, calling the verdict "unfair".