Women today tend to live longer than men almost everywhere worldwide — in some countries by more than a decade. Now, three centuries of historical records show that women don’t just outlive men in normal times. They’re also more likely to survive even in the worst of circumstances, such as famines and epidemics, researchers from Duke University, North Carolina, report.
Most of the life expectancy gender gap was due to a female survival advantage in infancy rather than adulthood, the researchers found. In times of adversity, newborn girls are more likely to survive. The fact that women have an edge in infancy, when behavioural differences between the sexes are minimal, supports the idea that explanation is at least partly biological, the researchers say.
Led by Virginia Zarulli, assistant professor at the University of Southern Denmark, and James Vaupel, a research professor at Duke University, the team analysed mortality data going back roughly 250 years for people whose lives were cut short by famine, disease or other misfortunes, writes journalist Robin A Smith in DukeToday.
The data studied seven populations in which the life expectancy for one or both sexes was a dismal 20 years or less. Among them were working and former slaves in Trinidad and the United States in the early 1800s, famine victims in Sweden, Ireland and the Ukraine in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, and Icelanders affected by the 1846 and 1882 measles epidemics.
In Liberia, for example, freed American slaves who relocated to the West African country in the 1800s experienced the highest mortality rates ever recorded. More than 40 per cent died during their first year, presumably wiped out by tropical diseases they had little resistance to. Babies born during that time rarely made it past their second birthday.
Another group of people living in Ireland in the 1840s famously starved when a potato blight caused widespread crop failure. Life expectancy plummeted by more than 15 years.
Overall the researchers found that, “even when mortality was very high for both sexes, women still lived longer than men by six months to almost four years on average.” Girls born during the famine that struck Ukraine in 1933, for example, lived to 10.85, and boys to 7.3 — a 50 per cent difference, reports Smith.
When the researchers broke the results down by age group, they found that most of the female survival advantage comes from differences in infant mortality. Newborn girls are hardier than newborn boys.
The results suggest that the life expectancy gender gap can’t be fully explained by behavioural and social differences between the sexes, such as risk-taking or violence. Instead, the female advantage in times of crisis may be largely due to biological factors such as genetics or hormones. Estrogens, for example, have been shown to enhance the body’s immune defenses against infectious disease.
“Our results add another piece to the puzzle of gender differences in survival,” the researchers said in a published report on January 8 by Duke University.
What is true of biological level is also applicable to emotional, intellectual and even spiritual levels. Based on the study, we need to ask ourselves: How are women better suited to face crisis in general? What enables women, both young and old, to go through the terrible shadows and come out with more wisdom and compassion?
Respecting women and learning from them may be secret to human survival and fulfilment. They may show us paths to a better and sustainable future, that our society needs very badly.
(The writer is professor of science and religion and author of The Indian Ending)