Mr Macron began his first state visit to China with a stop in Xian, an eastern departure point of the ancient Silk Road, hoping to relaunch EU-China relations often strained by Beijing's restrictions on foreign investment and trade.

But the French president told an audience of academics, students and business people at the Daming Palace, the royal residence for the Tang dynasty for more than 220 years, China must accept French goods.

He said: ”After all, the ancient Silk Roads were never only Chinese. 

"By definition, these roads can only be shared. If they are roads, they cannot be one-way.”

Unveiled in 2013, the Belt and Road project is aimed at connecting China by land and sea to Southeast Asia, Pakistan and Central Asia, and beyond to the Middle East, Europe and Africa.

Mr Xi pledged $124 billion for the plan at a summit in May but it faced suspicion in Western capitals it is intended more to assert Chinese influence than Beijing's professed desire to spread prosperity.

Mr Macron, who pledged to visit China at least once every year during his mandate, said the new infrastructure and cultural projects promoted by China could also be in France's and Europe's interest if done in a spirit of cooperation.

The French president said: “These roads cannot be those of a new hegemony, which would transform those that they cross into vassals.”

Alice Ekman of the Paris-based IFRI think-tank said: "For the moment, considering how extensive and unclear the Chinese project continues to be, several European countries including France have shown caution about it.

"For China, the new Silk Roads are also a tool to promote new international standards, rules and norms that are different from those currently used by France and other European countries.”

British Finance Minister Philip Hammond said in December Britain, which is quitting the European Union, wanted closer cooperation with China over the Belt and Road scheme.

Mr Macron, 40, has said Europe should not be "naive" in its trade relations, pushing in Brussels for more stringent anti-dumping rules against imports of cheap Chinese steel.

In June, he urged the European Commission to build a system for screening investments in strategic sectors from outside the bloc, which drew criticism from Beijing.

In Xian, Mr Macron said he hoped EU-Chinese relations could have a new start, based on "balanced rules", after acknowledging there had been mistrust and "legitimate questions" in China as well as fears amongst Europeans.

Europe was now united and ready to cooperate with China after years of crisis-management and economic stagnation, Mr Macron said.

He added: “What I came to tell you, is that Europe is back.”

The French president, who is travelling with a delegation of 50 businessmen, is hoping to gain more access for French companies to Chinese markets.