The government is expected to finalise the new education policy in the coming year. A new committee has been set up to decide the contours of the policy. Experts and educationists have been arguing for more autonomy for institutions of national importance like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs). In this context, Pramath Sinha, an IIT Kanpur alumnus and founding Dean of the Indian School of Business, spoke to Anjuli Bhargava on why very few IITians who stay in India remain engineers and why the IITs of today are no longer the IITs of yesterday. Excerpts:
The IITs of today are not the IITs you studied in. Tell me what has changed and why many feel quality of the education offered has dropped?
There are two principal problems. One is of leadership. The other is of autonomy.
IIT directors are like chief executive officers (CEOs) of an organisation. So, how you select the directors is of huge significance. While we have some stellar directors today, most of the time the process of selection is such that the best candidates don’t make it. I am not saying this is always the case but we have generally seen less than capable directors heading IITs. If you have directors with the right leadership skills, the government will also be more comfortable in granting IITs greater autonomy.
The current application process needs to become a search process from an application process. Today, for the IITs, the process of selection is led entirely by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD). Often, it recruits in batches, for say 5 IITs at a time. It requires people to apply for the job. At some level, the recruitment process of low-level staffer is no different from the recruitment of an IIT director.
Asking for applications for the post is flawed because often those who are not top-notch end up applying for what is an aspirational top-tier job. Short-listed candidates are typically interviewed by a group of officials.
At times after going through the whole process, it is cancelled for some vague reason and candidates must re-apply. This is very humiliating for candidates and turns off the best people. The best ones also often don’t bother to apply because they believe they don’t have the “influence” needed. Today, the process of selection is “sarkari”, archaic and disrespectful to the top-notch leaders that each one of our IITs needs.
We have solved this to some extent at the older IIMs. IIM Ahmedabad is currently looking for a director and the search process is led by its board. They have hired a search firm who is proactively wooing high-potential candidates. This is a far better system and one that needs to be adopted across all IITs and IIMs.
The second point is autonomy. IITs are still pretty much run under the control of the MHRD. Furthermore, the constant media spotlight that these institutions face politicises the running of the IITs further.
One final but important point about research. IITs are primarily churning out bachelors and masters students. But great institutions need to produce PhDs who are generating original research.
Also, we may have increased research budgets in recent years but if you want to compete with the best in the world, these budgets are still a drop in the ocean. Most of the money goes into adding new infrastructure and paying salaries. There is often very little money to invest behind faculty to help them be more productive.
Was it a good decision to start all these new IITs?
My first reaction would have been don’t dilute focus from existing IITs; just try and improve the ones that you already have. But the truth of the matter is that this country needs several hundred new universities. We cannot stop building new institutions — we must make sure we build them right from day one.
So, like a lot of IITians, I would be afraid to dilute the IIT brand. But, as I have come to see what some of the new IITs are doing or have done, I am very impressed. Look at IIT Guwahati. I understand Gautam Barua has built a thriving campus with great students and faculty. Look at IIT Gandhinagar and what Sudhir Jain has managed to do in a short time with their great faculties, their liberal arts courses and their translation conferences. It’s a vibrant atmosphere.
Again, this brings me back to my point of leadership. You put a strong leader in charge, you will see the results. A bigger issue is location. Some of the new IITs have been set up in pretty remote locations for political reasons. Places where it is hard to attract good faculty or even good students. Like IIT Mandi or IIT Patna. It’s not even Patna; it’s in Bihta, 35 km from Patna. These are places people are trying to leave; it is hard to attract people — students or faculty — to come there to live and study.
But the government’s argument will be that we need new institutions in such places; else the pressure on institutions of higher education in Delhi etc. keeps rising.
Yes but the students and faculties coming to IIT Patna are not from Bihar really. You are not really helping the local economy. IITs are national institutions; not regional ones. The fundamental challenge in setting up high-quality new institutions is the inability to attract high-quality faculty. By starting them in remote locations we are starting these new IITs with a massive handicap.
What about the JEE examination? How do we avoid Kota suicides and such cases from happening?
One has to change the aperture of the filter. You need a more holistic approach. To start with, create one national level test that can be taken more than once a year. Consolidate the plethora of entrance examinations. Revenues of the coaching industry are many X of the budgets of IITs themselves.
Create something like Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) in the US. Look at the class 12 marks, do a SAT like examination and like some of the IIMs have started to do, give weightage to other factors. The IIMs have started giving weightage to interviews, work experience, a whole range of other factors are being looked at now. Give autonomy to IITs and they will start innovating on admissions themselves.
How come none of the IITians I have met over the years — and I have met a few hundred — are engineers anymore? They are some of the best minds but they are not engineers. Why?
This is absolutely true and there is a reason for it. Why do our engineers do so well in the US and overseas and they mostly opt out of engineering if they remain in India? I believe I have found the answer to that. This is primarily because in India we don’t have choice or flexibility in choosing what we want to study or major in.
Let me give you my own example here. I wanted to study at IIT Kanpur. I ranked 994 in JEE. For IIT Kanpur it was a low rank and the best I could manage was metallurgical engineering. I wasn’t considered good enough for anything else. I had a miserable time for a while at IIT Kanpur — I had no interest in the subject but was majoring in it just to be at IIT Kanpur.
It doesn’t happen anywhere in the world. Say you are good enough to get into Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and then MIT says you can only do this; you are not good enough to major in anything else.
I went onto Penn (University of Pennsylvania) after and they said you can study what you want. I switched to mechanical engineering for my Masters and then did a PhD in robotics under a thesis supervisor from computer science. I went on to be an engineering academic and researcher because I could pursue what I wanted and became really interested in the subject.
Also, when the IITs were set up, there were just a handful of professions —engineering, civil service and medicine. That is no longer the case. The best and brightest minds study at the IITs — even if they didn’t want to end up as engineers. The IITs remain the best educational institutions in the country so the best students go there regardless of what they study. So, the best people want to go to the best institutions regardless of what they teach. Just as I did not go to IIT to become a metallurgical engineer and I have never worked as a metallurgist in my life. But, I spent four precious years studying it.
So, hardly any IIT student gets what is called a “core” job in India after finishing IIT today. Moreover, in many disciplines, the Indian industry is not sophisticated enough to absorb an IIT-quality engineer — you may study aeronautical engineering at IIT Kanpur but which aeronautical company in India will hire you? So, most of them go abroad or just quit engineering and get into software or management.
Moreover, if employers want a good person, they take a good person regardless of what he or she specialised in. So, an Amazon, Flipkart, Google and so on are not hiring only computer scientists; they are just hiring smart guys. A McKinsey is not looking to hire an engineer out of IIT; just a smart guy. And these are the most sought-after, aspirational companies for IIT graduates.