One of India’s enduring failures, education, has meant that the country has, by far, the largest number of adult illiterates in the world. In 1951, in the first post-Independence Census, literacy was just 18 per cent overall (male 27.2 per cent, female 8.9 per cent). By 1991, literacy had risen, to 52 per cent (male 64 per cent; female 39.3 per cent). By 2011, literacy was at 74 per cent (male 82 per cent; female 65.5 per cent). There are massive discrepancies between states, and between rural and urban areas and differences in per capita/ caste, community, etc.
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